Systems and methods for data conversion and comparison

ABSTRACT

According to one embodiment, a translation component is configured to operate on document encoded data to translate the document encoded data into a canonical format comprising a plurality of canonical types that fold together into a byte stream. The translation component is configured to accept any storage format of data (e.g., column store, row store, LSM tree, etc. and/or data from any storage engine, WIREDTIGER, MMAP, AR tree, Radix tree, etc.) and translate that data into a byte stream to enable efficient comparison. When executing searches and using the translated data to provide comparisons there is necessarily a trade-off based on the cost of translating the data and how much the translated data can be leveraged to increase comparison efficiency.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S.Provisional App. No. 62/387,455, entitled “SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR DATACONVERSION AND COMPARISON,” filed Dec. 24, 2015; and this application isa continuation-in-part of and claims priority under 35 U.S.C. 120 § toU.S. application Ser. No. 14/992,225, entitled “DISTRIBUTED DATABASESYSTEMS AND METHODS WITH PLUGGABLE STORAGE ENGINES,” filed Jan. 11,2016, which claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. ProvisionalApp. No. 62/232,979, entitled “DISTRIBUTED DATABASE SYSTEMS AND METHODSWITH PLUGGABLE STORAGE ENGINES,” filed Sep. 25, 2015, each of theforegoing applications are incorporated herein by reference in theirentirety.

COPYRIGHT NOTICE

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BACKGROUND

Any improvement in efficiency for any data retrieval operation in adistributed database has the potential to significantly improveoperation, efficiency, and/or scalability of the distributed database.Indexes are conventional technology that is leveraged in almost everyknown database to improve efficiency of data retrieval. Typical databaseindexes include copies of certain fields of data that are logicallyordered to be searched efficiently. For example, each entry in the indexmay consist of a key-value pair that represents a document or field(i.e., the value), and provides an address or pointer to a low-leveldisk block address where the document or field is stored (the key).

SUMMARY

According to one aspect, database query operations can be significantlyimproved by translating searched data into a form susceptible to byte bybyte comparison rather that requiring execution of complicatedcomparison logic. According to one embodiment, index data can beconverted and maintained in memory to be used to process incoming datarequests. For example, retrieval of searched data can be reduced to abyte by byte comparison (e.g., similar to execution of a UNIX memcmp( )operation) until an indexed data field is found and used to referencethe requested data, for example, via an index pointer or for example aspart of a stored indexed document.

According to one aspect a database system is provided. The systemcomprises at least one processor configured to execute a plurality ofsystem components. The system components include a translation componentconfigured to translate input data (e.g., an index collection, datacollection, document based data, etc.) in a first format into acanonical format, analyze original data elements (e.g., documents,records, attribute value pairs, etc.) in the first format to determine adata type (e.g., integer, float, double, long integer, string, stringwith code, etc.) associated with respective data elements, map eachindividual data element of the input data to a canonical data type(e.g., unique data type (e.g., unique in relation to the canonicaltypes)) associated with the determined data type, encode each individualdata element into a byte stream further comprising a canonical type byte(e.g., 011 for Boolean type data, etc.) based on the mapping, and atleast one data value for data of the data element where present, and adatabase manager configured to receive requests for database operationsfrom client systems and respond to the requests, and execute datacomparison operations against the canonical format byte stream torespond to at least some of the requests for database operations.

According to one embodiment, the translation component is furtherconfigured to identify index data within the database, and select theindex data for translation. According to one embodiment, the translationcomponent is configured to store (e.g., directly or indirectly) thecanonical byte format byte stream in a segregated memory space.According to one embodiment, the system further comprises a memory forsegregating index data, and the database manager is configured to accessthe canonical format byte stream from the memory. According to oneembodiment, the system further comprises a translation matrix defining amapping between a data type in a first format and an encoding of anydata values associated with the data type in the first format, whereinthe translation component is further configured to access thetranslation matrix to generate the canonical format byte stream from theinput data.

According to one embodiment, the translation matrix defines a mappingfor each of the data types having the first format to a respectivecanonical data type and associated type byte value. According to oneembodiment, the translation matrix includes encoding mappings definingdata element value encoding operations, such that, each data type anddata value in the first data format is encoded as a canonical byte typevalue and at least one data byte value. According to one embodiment, thetranslation matrix includes encoding mappings for data elements havingarray data or having internal data elements (e.g., document withindocument). According to one embodiment, the encoding mappings defineflags to encode in the byte stream for preserving ordering of array dataand/or the internal data elements, when translated into the canonicalbyte stream.

According to one aspect computer implemented method for managing adistributed database is provided. The method comprises translating, byat least one processor input data (e.g., an index collection, datacollection, document based data, etc.) in a first format into acanonical format, analyzing, by the at least one processor, originaldata elements (e.g., documents, records, attribute value pairs, etc.) inthe first format to determine a data type (e.g., integer, float, double,long integer, string, string with code, etc.) associated with respectivedata elements, mapping, by the at least one processor, each individualdata element of the input data to a canonical data type (e.g., uniquedata type (e.g., unique in relation to the canonical types)) associatedwith the determined data type, encoding, by the at least one processor,each individual data element into a byte stream comprising at least: acanonical type byte (e.g., 011 for Boolean type data, etc.) based on themapping, and at least one data value for data of the data element wherepresent, and receiving, by the at least one processor, requests fordatabase operations from client systems and responding to the requests,and executing, by the at least one processor, data comparison operationsagainst the canonical format byte stream to respond to at least some ofthe requests for database operations.

According to one embodiment, the method further comprises identifying,by the at least one processor, index data within the distributeddatabase, and selecting, by the at least one processor, the index datafor translation. According to one embodiment, the method furthercomprises storing, by the at least one processor, (e.g., directly orindirectly) the canonical byte format byte stream in a segregated memoryspace. According to one embodiment, the method further comprisesaccessing, by the at least one processor, the canonical format bytestream from a segregated memory space. According to one embodiment, themethod further comprises mapping, by the at least one processor, betweena data type in a first format and an encoding of any data valuesassociated with the data type in the first format, wherein mappingincludes accessing the translation matrix and generating the canonicalformat byte stream from the input data.

According to one embodiment, the method further comprises executing, bythe at least one processor, a mapping defined in the translation matrixfor each of the data types having the first format to a respectivecanonical data type and associated type byte value. According to oneembodiment, the method further comprises encoding, by the at least oneprocessor, each data type and data value in the first data format into acanonical byte type value and at least one data byte value based on thetranslation matrix. According to one embodiment, the method furthercomprises encoding, by the at least one processor, each data type anddata value in the first data format into a canonical byte type value andat least one data byte value for data elements having array data orhaving internal data elements (e.g., document within document),recursively encoding array elements or internal data elements, andmaintaining respective ordering. According to one embodiment, the methodfurther comprises encoding, by the at least one processor, translateddata with flags in the byte stream that preserve ordering of array dataand/or the internal data elements, when translated into the canonicalbyte stream.

According to one aspect, a computer-readable medium having instructionsthereon for causing a processor to execute the instructions, theinstructions adapted to be executed to implement a method for managing adistributed database is provided. The method comprises translating inputdata (e.g., an index collection, data collection, document based data,etc.) in a first format into a canonical format, analyzing original dataelements (e.g., documents, records, attribute value pairs, etc.) in thefirst format to determine a data type (e.g., integer, float, double,long integer, string, string with code, etc.) associated with respectivedata elements, mapping each individual data element of the input data toa canonical data type (e.g., unique data type (e.g., unique in relationto the canonical types)) associated with the determined data type,encoding each individual data element into a byte stream comprising atleast: a canonical type byte (e.g., 011 for Boolean type data, etc.)based on the mapping, and at least one data value for data of the dataelement where present, and receiving requests for database operationsfrom client systems and responding to the requests, and executing datacomparison operations against the canonical format byte stream torespond to at least some of the requests for database operations.

According to one embodiment, the method further comprises identifying,by the at least one processor, index data within the distributeddatabase, and selecting, by the at least one processor, the index datafor translation.

According to one aspect a database system is provided. The systemcomprises at least one processor configured to execute a plurality ofsystem components, wherein the system components include a monitorcomponent configured to determine an expected set of operations to beperformed on a portion of a distributed database, a data formatselection component configured to select, based on at least onecharacteristic of the expected set of operations, a data format for theportion of the distributed database and an associated storage enginefrom a plurality of storage engines and data formats, at least onestorage API for mapping a data request to the associated storage enginethat executes the data request on the portion of the distributeddatabase in the selected data format, a translation component configuredto translate selected data, including at least index data, in theselected data format into a canonical byte stream format for in memorycomparison, a database manager configured to receive requests fordatabase operations from client systems and respond to the datarequests; and execute data comparison operations against the canonicalformat byte stream to respond to at least some of the requests fordatabase operations.

According to one embodiment, the data format selection component isconfigured to select the associated storage engine and the data formatresponsive to determining data translation increases efficiency (e.g.,identifies high proportion of indexed data accesses(e.g., >10%, >15%, >20%) of data requests use indexed data or identifiessufficient index data accesses with low rate of change in indexed data(e.g., no index changes in one day, two days, three days, four days, oneweek, two weeks, three weeks, one month, etc.)).

According to one embodiment, the translation component is configured toanalyze original data elements (e.g., documents, records, attributevalue pairs, etc.) in a first format to determine a data type (e.g.,integer, float, double, long integer, string, string with code, etc.)associated with respective data elements, map each individual dataelement of the input data to a canonical data type (e.g., unique datatype (e.g., unique in relation to the canonical types)) associated withthe determined data type, and encode each individual data element into abyte stream further comprises at least a canonical type byte (e.g., 011for Boolean type data, etc.) based on the mapping, and at least one datavalue for data of the data element where present.

According to one embodiment, the translation component is furtherconfigured to identify index data within the database, and select theindex data for translation into the canonical byte stream format.According to one embodiment, the translation component is configured tostore (e.g., directly or indirectly) the canonical byte format bytestream in a segregated memory space. According to one embodiment, thedatabase system further comprises a memory for segregating index data,and the database manager is configured to access the canonical formationbyte stream from the memory. According to one embodiment, the systemfurther comprises a translation matrix defining a mapping between a datatype in a first format and an encoding of any data values associatedwith the data type in the first format, wherein the translationcomponent is further configured to access the translation matrix togenerate the canonical format byte stream from the input data. Accordingto one embodiment, the translation component executes a mapping definedin the translation matrix for each of the data types having the firstformat to a respective canonical data type and associated type bytevalue.

According to one embodiment, the translation component is configured toencode each data type and data value in the first data format into acanonical byte type value and at least one data byte value based on thetranslation matrix. According to one embodiment, the translationcomponent is configured to encode each data type and data value in thefirst data format into a canonical byte type value and at least one databyte value for data elements having array data or having internal dataelements (e.g., document within document) by recursively encoding arrayelements or internal data elements and maintaining respective ordering.According to one embodiment, the translation component is configured toencode translated data with flags in the byte stream that preserveordering of array data and/or the internal data elements, whentranslated into the canonical byte stream.

According to one aspect a computer implemented method for managing adistributed database is provided. The method comprises determining, byat least one processor, an expected set of operations to be performed onat least a portion of a distributed database, selecting, by the at leastone processor, a data format for the at least the portion of thedistributed database and an associated storage engine from a pluralityof storage engines and data formats, based on at least onecharacteristic of the expected set of operations, mapping, by the atleast one processor, a data request (e.g., read, write, modify, etc.)for the distributed database to the associated storage engine thatexecutes the data request on the portion of the distributed database inthe selected data format, translating, by the at least one processor,selected data, including at least index data, stored in a first formatinto a canonical byte stream format for in memory comparison; receiving,by the at least one processor, requests for database operations fromclient systems and responding to the requests, and executing, by the atleast one processor, data comparison operations against the canonicalformat byte stream to respond to at least some of the requests fordatabase operations.

According to one embodiment, selecting the associated storage engine andthe data format includes an act of determining data translationincreases efficiency (e.g., identifies high proportion of indexed dataaccesses (e.g., >10%, >15%, >20%, >30%) of data requests (e.g., usesindexed data, identifies sufficient index data accesses (e.g., lowerpercentage of index reference sufficient when coupled with low rate ofchange in indexed data (e.g., no index changes in one day, two days,three days, four days, one week, two weeks, three weeks, one month,etc.))).

According to one embodiment, the method further comprises analyzingoriginal data elements (e.g., documents, records, attribute value pairs,etc.) in the first format to determine a data type (e.g., integer,float, double, long integer, string, string with code, etc.) associatedwith respective data elements, mapping each individual data elements ofthe input data to a canonical data type (e.g., unique data type (e.g.,unique in relation to the canonical types)) associated with thedetermined data type, and encoding each individual data element into abyte stream comprising at least: a canonical type byte (e.g., 011 forBoolean type data, etc.) based on the mapping and at least one datavalue for data of the data element where present. According to oneembodiment, the method further comprises identifying index data withinthe database, and selecting the index data for translation into thecanonical byte stream format.

According to one embodiment, the method further comprises storing (e.g.,directly or indirectly) the canonical byte format byte stream in asegregated memory space. According to one embodiment, the method furthercomprises: segregating index data in a memory; and accessing thecanonical formation byte stream from the memory. According to oneembodiment, the method further comprises accessing a translation matrixdefining a mapping between a data type in a first format and an encodingof any data values associated with the data type in the first format togenerate the canonical format byte stream from the input data. Accordingto one embodiment, the method further comprises executing a mappingdefined in the translation matrix for each of the data types having thefirst format to a respective canonical data type and associated typebyte value.

According to one embodiment, the method further comprises encoding eachdata type and data value in the first data format into a canonical bytetype value and at least one data byte value based on the translationmatrix. According to one embodiment, the method further comprisesencoding each data type and data value in the first data format into acanonical byte type value and at least one data byte value for dataelements having array data or having internal data elements (e.g.,document within document) by recursively encoding array elements orinternal data elements and maintaining respective ordering. According toone embodiment, the method further comprises encoding translated datawith flags in the byte stream that preserve ordering of array data orthe internal data elements, when translated into the canonical bytestream.

According to one aspect a database system is provided. The databasesystem comprises at least one processor configured to execute aplurality of system components. The system components further comprise atranslation component configured to translate input data (e.g., an indexcollection, data collection, document based data, etc.) in a firstformat into a canonical format, map individual data elements of theinput data to a canonical data type (e.g., unique data type (e.g.,unique in relation to the canonical types)) associated with thedetermined data type, encode each individual data element into a bytestream comprising at least, a canonical type byte (e.g., 011 for Booleantype data, etc.) based on the mapping, and at least one data value fordata of the data element where present, wherein the translationcomponent is further configured to generate a hybrid encoding forfloating point numbers, wherein the hybrid encoding further comprises adecimal continuation marker for encoding decimal numbers.

According to one embodiment, the hybrid encoding is configured to enablebit-exact reconstruction decimal value (e.g., decimal128 values).According to one embodiment, the translation component is configured togenerate a first hybrid encoding for decimal numbers meeting a thresholdnumber of significant digits. According to one embodiment, thetranslation component is configured to generate a high precisionencoding for decimal numbers exceeding the threshold number ofsignificant digits. According to one embodiment, the translationcomponent is further configured to limit the decimal continuation to athreshold number of bytes (e.g., 8) for numbers with more than thethreshold number of significant digits.

According to one embodiment, the database executes comparison operationsagainst translated values. According to one embodiment, the systemfurther comprises a database manager configured to receive requests fordatabase operations from client systems and respond to the requests, andexecute data comparison operations against the canonical format bytestream to respond to at least some of the requests for databaseoperations. According to one embodiment, the database is furtherconfigured to compare encoded values to identify differences in numbersof trailing zeros. According to one embodiment, the database is furtherconfigured to control use of the hybrid encoding based on a state value.According to one embodiment, the database is further configured tomonitor user requests and return an error on requests associated withthe hybrid encoding based on evaluating the state value.

According to one aspect a computer implemented method for managing adistributed database is provided. The method comprises translating, byat least one processor input data (e.g., an index collection, datacollection, document based data, etc.) in a first format into acanonical format, analyzing, by the at least one processor, originaldata elements (e.g., documents, records, attribute value pairs, etc.) inthe first format to determine a data type (e.g., integer, float, double,long integer, string, string with code, etc.) associated with respectivedata elements, mapping, by the at least one processor, individual dataelements of the input data to a canonical data type (e.g., unique datatype (e.g., unique in relation to the canonical types)) associated withthe determined data type, encoding, by the at least one processor,individual data elements into a byte stream comprising at least: acanonical type byte (e.g., 011 for Boolean type data, etc.) based on themapping, and at least one data value for data of the data element wherepresent, and wherein the act of encoding includes generating a hybridencoding for floating point numbers, wherein the hybrid encoding furthercomprises a decimal continuation marker for encoding decimal numbers.

According to one embodiment, the act of generating the hybrid encodingincludes generating bit-exact encoding of a decimal value (e.g.,decimal128 values). According to one embodiment, the act of generatingthe hybrid encoding includes generating a first hybrid encoding fordecimal numbers meeting a threshold number of significant digits.According to one embodiment, the act of generating the hybrid encodingincludes generating a high precision encoding for decimal numbersexceeding the threshold number of significant digits. According to oneembodiment, the act of generating includes limiting the decimalcontinuation to a threshold number of bytes (e.g., 8) for numbers withmore than the threshold number of significant digits.

According to one embodiment, the method further comprises executing, bythe at least one processor, comparison operations against translatedvalues. According to one embodiment, the method further comprisesreceiving, by the at least one processor, requests for databaseoperations from client systems and responding to the requests, andexecuting, by the at least one processor, data comparison operationsagainst the canonical format byte stream to respond to at least some ofthe requests for database operations. According to one embodiment,executing the data comparison operations includes identifyingdifferences in numbers of trailing zeros. According to one embodiment,the method further comprises an act of controlling, by the at least oneprocessor, use of the hybrid encoding based on a state value.

According to one embodiment, the method further comprises an act ofmonitoring user requests and permitting execution or returning an errorfor requests associated with the hybrid encoding based on evaluating thestate value.

According to some embodiments, non-relational databases and/or databasesthat organize data without enforcing a schema may require complexcomparison logic to implement indexes that improve efficiency in dataretrieval. For example, when an index is stored in a document format,the index document can include references to other documents, caninclude array data, etc. Searching through data stored in a documentformat becomes complex, and must take into account any ordering of thedata appearing in the documents. In one example, a “document” is acollection of field-value associations relating to a particular dataentity (e.g., a database index), and in some examples, the documentand/or collection forms a base unit of data storage for a distributeddatabase system. Fields are similar to rows in a relational database,but do not require the same level of organization, and are thereforeless subject to architectural constraints. One example of a documentincludes a binary encoded serialization of JSON-like documents (“BSON”)that is used by the well-known MONGODB™ database. BSON supports theembedding of documents and arrays within other documents and arrays.Having this support enhances functionality but complicates comparisons,for example, of an incoming data request against a document based index.

In the MONGODB™ database, for example, a primary key index is a mappingfrom primary key columns to a recordId field. Going from recordId fieldto the document requires searching the index (e.g., a b-tree orlog-structured merge (LSM) tree for a WIREDTIGER™ storage engineemployed in the MONGODB database). The search on the index fieldsreturns a pointer to a low-level disk block address where the documentor field is stored (the key). The variety of search engines and storageformats may further complicate the use of index data, and impactreference/retrieval performance.

According to one embodiment, a translation component is configured tooperate on document encoded data to translate the document encoded datainto a canonical format comprising a plurality of canonical types thatfold together into a byte stream. The translation component isconfigured to accept any storage format of data (e.g., column store, rowstore, LSM tree, etc. and/or data from any storage engine, WIREDTIGER,MMAP, AR tree, Radix tree, etc.) and translate that data into a bytestream to enable efficient comparison. When executing searches and usingthe translated data to provide comparisons there is necessarily atrade-off based on the cost of translating the data and how much thetranslated data can be leveraged to increase comparison efficiency.

According to one embodiment, translating, for example, index data (e.g.,stored as an LSM tree) into a byte stream increase comparison efficiencyby anywhere up to 30% (factoring in costs of translation), andtherefore, a faster and more efficient database engine that implementssuch indexes may be provided. In one example, straight byte comparisonscan provide significant increase in time efficiency, and in others spaceefficiency can be improved as well. According to another embodiment,translating index data is particularly suited to improving operationalefficiency of the entire distributed database. For example, oncetranslated, the translated index data is used frequently to speedinformation retrieval from the distributed database. Often indexes donot change with the same frequency as underlying database data, thus thecost of translation is spread over a larger number of operations. And inyet other examples, index data can be stored in its own memory spaceallowing any translation costs to be minimized over large numbers ofdatabase operations, as the translated data can be maintained and usedin memory over long periods of time.

In further embodiments, the translation component is configured topreserve ordering from any underlying documents and/or data beingtranslated. In document storage formats, retaining ordering of thestored data can be necessary to delivering correct comparisons. It isrealized that in order to architect the canonical format of thetranslated data, the architecture must enable various properties. Forexample, at each point in a comparison operation, the canonicalarchitecture is configured such that the system is performing thecomparison on data appearing before a next possible value and beforeeach and any subsequent value. In other words, the system compares onerecord and moves onto the next record in the byte stream preservingordering of the pre-translated data. In some embodiments, thetranslation into the canonical format is architected to enable recoveryof the original format without any loss of data.

According to another embodiment, each type of data subject totranslation must be mapped to at least one unique canonical data typewhen translated. Thus for a distributed database, any data type withinthe database can include a mapping to a translated unique data type. Anundefined type can be used to handle cases on unidentified data. In oneexample, generating unique mappings during translation can includereserving data values used in the byte stream to represent a minimumvalue and a maximum value. For example, reserving a maximum valueenables byte comparisons that execute properly in response to data ofdiffering lengths, and/or where null values must be compared properly.In one example, a challenge in any such translation is ensuring thatwithin the byte stream a comparison of a value “ball” followed by thereserved maximum indicator occurs in proper order when considered withvalue “balloon” followed by any byte. Further, indexes may be createdsuch that the index values indicate the type of data identified withinthe document. Such information may be used for many reasons, such as tocharacterize the data, increase search or other database operationperformance, group or segregate documents, determine storage locationsand/or requirements, compress information within the document, limit theamount of processing of the actual documents during database operations(e.g., avoid casting from external code), provide similar relationaldatabase functions for a document-based database, simplifying code thataccesses such document databases, among any other database function oroperation.

Data architectures can impact performance of data retrieval operations.Some conventional approaches to database storage are typically tied to aparticular data format and, in further approaches, a specific storageengine to manage that data format. The translation component isconfigured to map any format to a canonical byte stream, and thedistributed database can then employ the byte stream to improvecomparison efficiency, and/or space efficiency, in various embodiments.

According to another aspect, the translation component can beimplemented as part of one or more storage engines, and can also beimplemented to execute at respective ones of a plurality of storageengines can be selective used by the distributed database. For example,the translation component can be configured to work with and/or througha plurality of pluggable storages engines described in co-pendingapplication Ser. No. 14/992,225 entitled “DISTRIBUTED DATABASE SYSTEMSAND METHODS WITH PLUGGABLE STORAGE ENGINES,” filed Jan. 11, 2016, whichclaims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. Provisional App. No.62/232,979, entitled “DISTRIBUTED DATABASE SYSTEMS AND METHODS WITHPLUGGABLE STORAGE ENGINES,” filed Sep. 25, 2015, each of whichapplications are incorporated by reference herein. In furtherembodiments, the translation component can be integrated with orinstantiated in conjunction with methods and systems by which a storageapplication programming interface (API) is employed as an abstractionlayer in database operations (e.g., write or read operations).

In one example, a database application may simply instruct the storageAPI to “write” or “read” a particular piece of data to or from acollection, and the storage API selects an appropriate storage engine. Astorage API or a database API that manages query response and/orinteraction with the storage API may retrieve index data at start-up ofa database node (e.g., a system hosting at least a portion of thedatabase data). The translation component can be executed at or througheither API to translate, for example, index data that is loaded intomemory and used to optimize data operations. In further examples,storage engines can be selected based on automated optimizationanalysis, user preference, or other factors, and each storage engine caninclude a translation component. In some embodiments, a storage enginecan be configured to determine when a translation operation is likely toimprove efficiency of a database and trigger translation accordingly.For example, the storage engine can analyze historic data usage (e.g.,average time to change index data, average number of requestsreferencing index data, etc.) and compare with the computational cost oftranslating the data against the savings in computational burden whencomparing data streams in memory as opposed to the complex comparisonlogic for document based comparisons. For example, where a computationalsavings is expected based on the comparison, the system can translatethe index data and maintain the translated data in memory for subsequentcomparisons. Additionally, the system can invoke monitoring to confirmthe expected computational savings based on actual usage over time.

It is further realized that conventional approaches to database storageare typically tied to a particular data format and, in some approaches,a storage engine capable of managing that data format. While the formatmay be changed with some effort, conventional approaches requiresignificant time and involve complexity that makes such changesdifficult, at best. For example, modifications to the data format and/orthe storage engine may need to comply with forward- andbackward-compatibility requirements. The inefficiency of being tied to aparticular format is exacerbated by the advent of “big data” andever-larger databases. More efficient storage and retrieval of theinformation stored in databases is increasingly important. While anumber of storage formats have been employed in storing database data,the selection of a particular format has largely been dependent onintuition and guesswork of the user and/or the application softwaredeveloper. Furthermore, adding or modifying storage functionality in aparticular storage format has typically required changes to thehigh-level database code in user applications and system routines.Scaling a database up in size has similarly presented issues, as thedatabase read/write operations coded in an application may be tailoredto a data format that is no longer optimal.

There is therefore a need for a database that can store data in theoptimal data format including analysis of transformation of a storeddata type into a canonical byte stream format tailored to a particularsituation, all without requiring changes to the applications orprocesses accessing that data. Accordingly, methods and systems areprovided by which a storage application programming interface (API) isemployed as a level of abstraction in database read/write operationsthat may be execution in conjunction with a translation component and/orAPI. In various embodiments, a database application may simply instructthe storage API to “write” or read a portion of a database, and thedatabase engine, storage API, and/or translation components sets orselects an appropriate storage engine (and for example a byte streamformat) based on automated optimization analysis, user preference, orother factors. In some embodiments, the database application may requestthat data be stored by a particular storage engine, or stored in aparticular format, including, for example byte stream formats. Thedatabase engine may fulfill the request, and may also cause the data tobe stored in a different format determined to be optimal.

In some embodiments, storage engines may be modular and “pluggable,”allowing for modification, removal, or addition of storage engineswithout changing the application code. In further embodiments, thestorage engine may determine to store the data in one or more dataformats, including an optimal format that the storage engine determines.In further examples, the storage engine can select in memory formats anddifferent on disk storage formats.

According to one embodiment, operation requests received by the databasemay be carried out such that different portions of the database may bestored by different storage engines in different formats, enablingoptimization of storage operations at various levels in a database(e.g., entire database, partitions, logical groupings, indexes, and/orany base unit of storage). Optimization decisions can be made at eachstep as the level of granularity increases from the database engine tothe storage engine to the particular data format. For example, a “read”or “write” request received by the database may cause the databaseengine to select a particular storage engine to carry out the request;the storage engine may then determine an optimal format in which tostore the data.

A storage API interacting with a database engine and/or translationengine that is capable of calling pluggable storage engines in such amanner offers a number of benefits. For example, application code issimplified. Fewer modifications may be required to switch betweenengines, because the storage API is opaque to the user, who need not beconcerned with format-specific operations underlying “write” operationsor other access requests. The same query language, data model, scalingconsiderations, security protocols, and operational tooling may be usedno matter the underlying data format.

Further, a database engine calling pluggable storage engines offersbenefits to database systems employing replica sets having a primarynode and one or more replica secondary nodes. A storage API allows suchreplica sets to be easily managed with minimal code, as the storage APIallows a user to simultaneously write to a primary node in one format,and to a replica node in another format, without regard to therespective data formats. This approach allows live migration betweendifferent storage engines and/or data formats, thereby reducing thecomplexity and time required for conventional approaches.

In addition, the database engine underlying the storage API may beconfigured to automatically select a storage engine (i.e., andassociated data format), allowing for dynamic changes to the format of aparticular set of data based on historic and/or expected data operationsand volume, data structure and characteristics, and other factors. Anychange in data format can be monitored, and a comparison can madebetween the performance and efficiency observed in the previous andcurrent data format. Based on that comparison, any necessary adjustmentscan be made. For example, byte stream translations can be turned off ifan expected savings in computational burden is not realized. In someembodiments, the previous and current data format may be maintained inparallel for some amount of time, to allow for a comparison andselection of an optimal format.

According to one aspect of the present invention, a database system isprovided comprising at least one processor configured to execute aplurality of system components, wherein the system components comprisean operation prediction component configured to determine an expectedset of operations to be performed on a portion of the database, a dataformat selection component configured to select, based on at least onecharacteristic of the expected set of operations, a data format for theportion of the database, and at least one storage engine for writing theportion of the database in the selected data format. According to oneembodiment, the operation prediction component is further configured toaccess information about a past set of operations for a first timeperiod, and predict, based on the past set of operations for the firsttime period, an expected set of operations to be performed on theportion of the database during a second time period. According to oneembodiment, the operation prediction component is further configured todetermine the expected set of operations to be performed on the portionof the database by identifying a data structure for data to be stored inthe portion of the database. According to one embodiment, thecharacteristic of the expected set of operations is a relatively highratio of read operations to write operations. According to anotherembodiment, the data format is a row-store format.

According to one embodiment, the data format is a column-store format.According to one embodiment, the characteristic of the expected set ofoperations is a determination that sequential operations are likely tobe performed on a first storage location and a second storage locationnearby the first storage location. According to one embodiment, thecharacteristic of the expected set of operations is a relatively highratio of write operations to read operations. According to oneembodiment, the data format is a log-sequence merge format. According toanother embodiment, the characteristic of the expected set of operationsis a requirement to update less than all of the fields in a plurality ofrecords stored in the database, and wherein the data format is acolumn-store format.

According to another aspect of the present invention, a method ofperforming operations in a computer database is provided comprisingsteps of determining, by a computer system, an expected set ofoperations to be performed on a portion of a database, selecting, basedon at least one characteristic of the expected set of operations, a dataformat for the portion of the database, storing the selected data formatin a configuration metadata component of the computer database, andwriting data to the portion of the database in the selected data format.According to one embodiment, determining the expected set of operationsto be performed on the portion of the database comprises accessinginformation about a past set of operations for a first time period, andpredicting, based on the past set of operations for the first timeperiod, an expected set of operations to be performed on the portion ofthe database during a second time period. According to anotherembodiment, determining the expected set of operations to be performedon the portion of the database comprises identifying a data structurefor data to be stored in the portion of the database.

According to one embodiment, the characteristic of the expected set ofoperations is a relatively high ratio of read operations to writeoperations. According to one embodiment, the first data format is arow-store format. According to one embodiment, the first data format isa column-store format. According to one embodiment, the characteristicof the expected set of operations is a determination that sequentialoperations are likely to be performed on a first storage location and asecond storage location nearby the first storage location. According toone embodiment, the characteristic of the expected set of operations isa relatively high ratio of write operations to read operations.According to another embodiment, the second data format is alog-sequence merge format. According to yet another embodiment, thefirst characteristic of the expected set of operations is a requirementto update less than all of the fields in a plurality of records storedin the database, and wherein the first data format is a column-storeformat.

According to another aspect of the present invention, a method ofperforming operations in a computer database is provided comprisingsteps of presenting, in a user interface of a computer system, aplurality of data format options for a portion of a database, receiving,from the user interface, a user selection of a data format for theportion of the database, storing the data format selection asconfiguration metadata for the database, responsive to the data formatselection indicating a first data format, activating a first storageengine to store the portion of the database in the first data format,and responsive to the data format selection indicating a second dataformat, activating a second storage engine to store the portion of thedatabase in the second data format. According to one embodiment, thefirst data format is a row-store format. According to one embodiment,the first data format is a column-store format. According to anotherembodiment, the second data format is a log-sequence merge format.

According to one aspect of the present invention, a method of performingoperations in a computer database, comprising steps of receiving, from acomputer application, a request to perform a write operation, whereinthe request does not specify a data storage format, selecting, by acomputer system, a data storage format from a group consisting of atleast a first data storage format and a second data storage format,responsive to a selection of the first data storage format, performingthe write operation using a first data storage engine, and responsive toa selection of the second data storage format, performing the writeoperation using a second data storage engine. According to anotheraspect, a database system for storing data in an optimal format isprovided comprising an application programming interface configured toreceive, from a computer system, a request to perform a write operation,wherein the request does not specify a data storage format, at least onestorage component configured to store a plurality of data records, afirst storage engine configured to store the plurality of data recordsin a first format, a second storage engine configured to store theplurality of data records in a second format, and a storage engineselector for selectively executing one of the first storage engine orthe second storage engine to perform the write operation. According toone embodiment, system further comprises a database monitor configuredto track performance information about the database system, and a memoryconfigured to store analytics data comprising performance informationtracked by the database monitor. According to another embodiment, thesystem further comprises a configuration database adapted to storedconfiguration metadata about the database, the configuration metadataincluding at least one of an association between a storage engine andone of the at least one storage components.

According to another aspect of the present invention, a database systemfor storing data in an optimal format is provided comprising anapplication programming interface configured to receive, from a computersystem, a request to perform a write operation, wherein the request doesnot specify a data storage format, a replica set comprising a primarynode having a first storage component and a secondary node having asecond storage component, the first storage component and the secondstorage component configured to store a plurality of records, a firststorage engine configured to store the plurality of data records in afirst format in the first storage component, and a second storage engineconfigured to store the plurality of data records in a second format inthe second storage component. According to one embodiment, the systemfurther comprises a storage engine selector for selectively executingone of the first storage engine or the second storage engine to performthe write operation.

Still other aspects, embodiments, and advantages of these exemplaryaspects and embodiments, are discussed in detail below. Any embodimentdisclosed herein may be combined with any other embodiment in any mannerconsistent with at least one of the objects, aims, and needs disclosedherein, and references to “an embodiment,” “some embodiments,” “analternate embodiment,” “various embodiments,” “one embodiment” or thelike are not necessarily mutually exclusive and are intended to indicatethat a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described inconnection with the embodiment may be included in at least oneembodiment. The appearances of such terms herein are not necessarily allreferring to the same embodiment. The accompanying drawings are includedto provide illustration and a further understanding of the variousaspects and embodiments, and are incorporated in and constitute a partof this specification. The drawings, together with the remainder of thespecification, serve to explain principles and operations of thedescribed and claimed aspects and embodiments.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Various aspects of at least one embodiment are discussed herein withreference to the accompanying figures, which are not intended to bedrawn to scale. The figures are included to provide illustration and afurther understanding of the various aspects and embodiments, and areincorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, but are notintended as a definition of the limits of the invention. Where technicalfeatures in the figures, detailed description or any claim are followedby reference signs, the reference signs have been included for the solepurpose of increasing the intelligibility of the figures, detaileddescription, and/or claims. Accordingly, neither the reference signs northeir absence are intended to have any limiting effect on the scope ofany claim elements. In the figures, each identical or nearly identicalcomponent that is illustrated in various figures is represented by alike numeral. For purposes of clarity, not every component may belabeled in every figure.

In the figures:

FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of an example architecture for atranslation subsystem, according to one embodiment;

FIG. 2 illustrates a block diagram of an example architecture for adatabase server, according to one embodiment;

FIG. 3 illustrates a block diagram of an example architecture for adatabase application programming interface, according to one embodiment;

FIG. 4 illustrates a block diagram of an example architecture for adatabase replica set, according to one embodiment;

FIG. 5 illustrates a block diagram of an example architecture for adatabase server having a replica set, according to one embodiment;

FIG. 6 illustrates a block diagram of an example architecture for adatabase system comprising shard servers, according to one embodiment;

FIG. 7 illustrates an example process flow for translating input datainto a canonical format, according to one embodiment;

FIG. 8 illustrates an example process flow for selecting a data formatfor a portion of the database, according to one embodiment;

FIG. 9 illustrates another example process flow for selecting a dataformat for a portion of the database, according to one embodiment;

FIG. 10 is a block diagram of an example distributed database system,according to one embodiment;

FIG. 11 is a block diagram of an example distributed database system,according to one embodiment;

FIG. 12 is a block diagram of an example distributed database system,according to one embodiment;

FIG. 13 is an example process flow for encoding hybrid decimal/binaryvalues, according to one embodiment; and

FIG. 14 is a table showing example encodings, according to oneembodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Stated broadly, various aspects are directed to systems and method fordata conversion to improve efficiency in comparison operations.Improving comparison efficiency in the distributed database yields animproved computer system. For example, in any database, improvedcomparisons of queried data against index data fields yields increasedefficiency in data retrieval. According to one aspect, efficiency of adatabase query operation can be significantly improved by translatingindex data into a form susceptible to byte by byte comparison, ratherthat requiring execution of complicated comparison logic. For example,index data can be converted and maintained in memory for use incomparisons against incoming data requests. According to someembodiments, non-relational databases and/or databases that organizedata without enforcing a schema often require complex comparison logicto implement indexes. Thus, translated index data enables significantimprovements in efficiency where non-relational databases are used.

According to one embodiment, a translation component is configured tooperate on document encoded data to translate the document encoded datainto a canonical format comprising a plurality of canonical types. Thecanonical types are each given a unique definition, and are associatedwith respective database types from the untranslated data. In furtherembodiments, the canonical types can also be defined wherein the valuefor a canonical type is dependent on the value of the data beingencoded. In some implementations, having value dependent canonical typesenables more compact encoding.

According to one embodiment, the translation component is furtherconfigured to preserve any ordering of the document encoded data, suchthat the translated canonical types fold together into an ordered bytestream. In some embodiments, the ordered byte stream can be used forbyte by byte comparison more efficiently than other comparison logic.According to another embodiment, the translation component is configuredto accept any storage format of data (e.g., column store, row store, LSMtree, etc. and data from any storage engine, WIREDTIGER, MMAP, etc.) andtranslate that data into a byte stream to enable efficient comparison.For example, when executing searches (or any data retrieval operation)and using the translated data to provide comparisons (e.g., translatedindex data to speed lookup) on distributed databases, byte by bytecomparisons are executed more efficiently. It is realized that there canbe a trade-off based on the translation costs and the increasedefficiency in comparison. The more comparisons that can be executed foreach instance of the translation cost, the greater the improvement inefficiency of the system.

In various embodiments, the translation component can be implemented aspart of a database API and/or as part of a storage engine API. In otherembodiments, the APIs can interact with a separate translationcomponent. And in yet other embodiments, storage engines can includetranslation components, and the storage engines can determine whentranslation would like yield improvements in operational efficiency. Inone example, the storage engine and/or storage API can determine alikelihood of increased efficiency based on historic and/or expecteddata operations and volume, data structure and characteristics, andother factors.

Examples of the methods and systems discussed herein are not limited inapplication to the details of construction and the arrangement ofcomponents set forth in the following description or illustrated in theaccompanying drawings. The methods and systems are capable ofimplementation in other embodiments and of being practiced or of beingcarried out in various ways. Examples of specific implementations areprovided herein for illustrative purposes only and are not intended tobe limiting. In particular, acts, components, elements and featuresdiscussed in connection with any one or more examples are not intendedto be excluded from a similar role in any other examples.

Also, the phraseology and terminology used herein is for the purpose ofdescription and should not be regarded as limiting. Any references toexamples, embodiments, components, elements or acts of the systems andmethods herein referred to in the singular may also embrace embodimentsincluding a plurality, and any references in plural to any embodiment,component, element or act herein may also embrace embodiments includingonly a singularity. References in the singular or plural form are notintended to limit the presently disclosed systems or methods, theircomponents, acts, or elements. The use herein of “including,”“comprising,” “having,” “containing,” “involving,” and variationsthereof is meant to encompass the items listed thereafter andequivalents thereof as well as additional items. References to “or” maybe construed as inclusive so that any terms described using “or” mayindicate any of a single, more than one, any combination of, and all ofthe described terms.

FIG. 1 is an example of a translation subsystem 100, according to oneembodiment. The translation subsystem 100 can include a translationengine 104 that is configured to receive data 102 in an original dataformat (e.g., document encoded data, row/column store data, LSM tree,etc.) and translate the original data into a canonical format. In someembodiments, the translation subsystem 100 can include a separatetranslation engine 104 and/or component 108 configured to perform theoperations to translate the original data 102 into a canonical format(e.g., output 106A and/or 106B). In other embodiments, the translationsubsystem 100 can execute the translation operation without or withoutthe translation engine 104 and component 108.

According to one embodiment, the translation subsystem can include acommunication interface 110 configured to communicate with variouscomponents of a distributed database. In one example, the communicationinterface 110 is configured to interact with a storage API to retrieveoriginal data 102, and further to communicate the translated data (e.g.,in memory translated format data 106A and/or translated data 106B) towrite translated data to disk. The communication managed by thecommunication interface 110 can occur through a storage API or through astorage engine. In other embodiments, a database API for managing adistributed database and/or managing data operations can communicatewith the communication interface 110 to provide access to originalformat data 102 and/or receive translated data 106A and/or 106B.

In some embodiments, the translation subsystem 100 includes atranslation matrix 112. The translation subsystem, engine, and/orcomponent can access canonical format definitions stored and/or mappedby the translation matrix. The canonical format definitions areconfigured to provide a mapping between all original data types used ina distributed database (e.g., a MONGODB database) and a plurality ofuniquely identified canonical data types. In some examples, eachoriginal data type is mapped to at least one uniquely identifiedcanonical data type. In further examples, an original data type can mapto a plurality of uniquely identified canonical types based on, forexample, data values associated with the original data.

According to various embodiments, special translation values can bereserved. For example, the translation matrix 112 can include reservedvalues for a maximum and minimum data values. The maximum and minimumdata values can be defined in the translation matrix for encodingspecial values in the original data (e.g., null values). According tosome embodiments, encoding and ordering associated with null values canbe specifically tailored to enable proper ordering of variable lengthdata. Further the complexities of document based data, where arrays arepermitted and yet other documents can be embedded within a document, caninvolve use of reserved values to preserver ordering of the documentdata. Generally, various embodiments of the translation matrix includedefining a type bit at the beginning of a data record, value encodingand in some embodiments an end record indicator. In some embodiments,the translation matrix is configured to defined a comparison directionfor the translation data. Comparison ordering can be specified byspecial flags, special bits, and/or by flipping bits in the encodeddata, optionally with a flag indicating the bits have been flipped.

In further embodiments, the translation component and/or matrix must beconfigured to handle variable length data, and preserve propercomparison order of translated variable length data. In thisenvironment, various embodiments accommodate variable length datawithout utilization of length prefixes. In one example, reserve bytevalues are encoded in the data to enable beginning and end of recordsidentifications. Additional examples of special/reserved values aredescribed in greater detail below.

In some embodiments, the translation matrix 112 is further configured toencode translation values that can be used to recover the original typeand data from translated information. In some embodiments, thetranslation matrix includes rules to add additional fields to translateddata to disambiguate any translation and enable recovery of the originaldata and type.

Example Translation and Environment

According to one embodiment, the translation subsystem 100 can beimplemented to improved time efficiency of data operations in adistributed database. For example, a MONGODB implementation can includethe translation subsystem 100, and execute data comparisons usingtranslated data. According to one embodiment, the translation system 100and/or matrix 112 define a plurality of canonical data types that mapexisting or original data to translated types and values. For example, aseries of mapping defined by the translation subsystem or matrix can bedefined to map original data and data types to the following canonicaltypes, which may include value based encodings.

Example Canonical Types

Discussed in greater detail below, one embodiment illustrates a numberof mapping examples where the encoding/translation is configured todetermine a canonical byte (for example, stored as a unsigned byte)based on analyzing the type of the input data to be mapped. In otherembodiments, encoding compaction can be optimized and additionalinformation beyond the type of the input data can be considered inmapping. For example, mappings can be defined that permit the “canonicaltype” byte to depend on the value of input data, and that relationshipcan be exploited by the system to enable additional storage sizeoptimization (e.g., better compaction of data).

Example Translation Matrix:

To illustrate with an example, a MONGODB database includes a number ofdata types that are mapped to the following 18 canonical data typesspecified by a byte value or byte range, wherein the mappings include anundefined type to handle any unmapped data. In one embodiment, thecanonical type is assigned a name and an encoded value: the translationmatrix 112 can store a field name followed by a type byte value.

Translation Matrix Example Types:

-   -   MinKey: 10    -   Undefined: 15    -   EOO (“end of object”): 20    -   Null: 20    -   Numerics: 30-51    -   String: 60    -   Symbol: 60    -   Object: 70 (optional embodiments include a special type for        empty)    -   Array: 80 (optional embodiments include a special type for        empty)    -   BinData (binary data): 90    -   OID (“object ID”): 100    -   Bool: 110-111    -   Date: 120    -   Timestamp: 130    -   Regex (“regular expression”): 140    -   DBRef (common format and type to encode relationships among        documents): 150    -   Code: 160    -   CodeWScope: 170    -   MaxKey: 240 (not 255)

According to one embodiment, once input or original data types and/orvalues are translated using the translation matrix, the followingencoding formats result (generally—Encoding Format=Canonical Typebyte+Encoded Values). In other embodiments, the encoding format can bein any order (e.g., encoded values+canonical type byte). The encodingformats can be described in groups based on various properties. Forexample, some of the canonical data types are valueless types: MinKey,MaxKey, EOO, Undefined, and Null. For types having associated values,one embodiment defines the following encoding formats based on the inputvalues:

-   -   Bool        -   True: assign 111 for type byte;        -   False: assign 110 for type byte;    -   Date        -   Big endian encode input value/type—with high-bit flipped to            enable signed comparisons (this encoding format is            equivalent to a bias encoding, specifically, adding            2{circumflex over ( )}63 with wrapping overflow);    -   Timestamp        -   Big endian (unsigned comparisons) input value/type;    -   OID (object ID)        -   copy the 12 bytes for the OID from input;    -   String-like (String, Symbol, Code)        -   Copy body of string with NUL byte replaced with “\x00\xFF”            sequence;        -   In some examples, the NUL replacement ensures that “a” sorts            before “a\0a” regardless of what follows “a”. Various            translation matrixes are implemented to require that no            types use the bytes 00 or FF to ensure proper ordering;        -   Followed by terminating 0x00 byte;    -   CodeWScope *        -   Copy Code—as identified above in “string-like” translation            (modified to exclude extra 0x00);        -   Scope encoding follows definition of “Object” translation            below;    -   BinData        -   Encode size            -   one byte if <255            -   0xFF followed by 4-byte big-endian size        -   subtype byte        -   data    -   Regex        -   copy input pattern along with encode of NUL        -   encode each flag along with encode of NUL    -   DBRef        -   Encode input using big endian encoding of namespace size        -   Encode namespace without NUL        -   Encode 12 bytes of OID defined in input    -   Array        -   Encode values within the array back-to-back with each value            terminating in a 0x00 byte    -   Object        -   For each kv pair in the input object:            -   Encode canonical type from list above (1 byte)                -   For types that can be represented with a range of                    types, use the lowest type value (e.g., numeric                    lowest).                -   Encode fieldName along with NUL                -   encoded value as described for each respective type                    and/or value contained in the object            -   Terminating 0x00 byte

According to some embodiments, mapping of number values to a type bytecan be based on the magnitude of the number being translated. In oneexample the following types bytes are used based on the magnitude of theinput data:

Number Examples (format <input type/value>:<canonical type byteassigned>)

-   -   NaN: 30 (“NaN”=not a number or where an undefined or        un-representable value is encountered—especially in        floating-point calculations)    -   NegativeLargeDouble: 31 (numbers <=−2**63)    -   Negative8ByteInt: 32    -   Negative7ByteInt: 33    -   Negative6ByteInt: 34    -   Negative5ByteInt: 35    -   Negative4ByteInt: 36    -   Negative3ByteInt: 37    -   Negative2ByteInt: 38    -   Negative1ByteInt: 39    -   NegativeSmallDouble: 40 (numbers between 0 and −1 exclusive)    -   Zero: 41    -   PositiveSmallDouble: 42 (numbers between 0 and 1 exclusive)    -   Positive1ByteInt: 43    -   Positive2ByteInt: 44    -   Positive3ByteInt: 45    -   Positive4ByteInt: 46    -   Positive5ByteInt: 47    -   Positive6ByteInt: 48    -   Positive7ByteInt: 49    -   Positive8ByteInt: 50    -   PositiveLargeDouble: 51 (numbers >=2**63)

In some embodiments, encoding of numeric values includes additionalencoding translation or executions. For example, with negative numbers,all bytes after the type byte (i.e., translation of the input value) arewritten with their bits flipped.

Additional encoding examples include processing negative numbers asfollow:

-   -   Determine if number is 0 or NaN (“NaN”=not a number);        -   Only the type byte is encoded;    -   Determine if abs(number) is between 0 and 1 or is >=2**63;        -   use the Double type byte corresponding to (number) sign and            magnitude;        -   Encode the raw double (e.g., IEEE 754 specification of            double) (from above) in big endian order with original sign            bit;    -   Else        -   left shift the positive integer portion of the number by 1            bit;        -   If there was a fractional part to the number set the low bit            to 1;        -   Use the smallest Int type byte that can represent the            resulting unsigned integer;        -   Write the resulting unsigned integer in big-endian order in            as few bytes as possible;        -   If there was a fractional part:            -   Zero out all bits of the raw double (e.g., IEE 754                double) that are not part of the fractional component;            -   Write the bytes of the mantissa that include fractional                information in big endian order.

According to further embodiments, additional examples of numericprocessing include additional example encoding rules. In one example,encoding of a recordID is configured such that the encoding specifiesthe full length of the input starting from the last byte, withoutknowing where the first byte is. In one embodiment, the system definesthe encoding to place a number (N) between 0 and 7 in both the high 3bits of the first byte and the low 3 bits of the last byte or theencoded information. “N” is the number of bytes between the first andlast byte (i.e. where total bytes is N+2). The remaining bits of thefirst and last bytes are combined with the bits of the in-between bytesto store a 64-bit RecordId in big-endian order.

In some examples, the full length specification is not used to encodenegative RecordId. Ignoring RecordID with negative values enables use ofmaximum encoding space to positive RecordIds. In some embodiments, therecordID encoding is tailored to properties of the data beingtranslated. In an index data example, only positive recordID values areallowed to be stored. Thus the optimization of ignoring negativerecordID can be implemented in such settings. In other implementations,the recordID encoding can include negative flag, at the cost of usingsome space to encode the flag. In index translations, and in mostMONGODB settings, the only negative RecordId that should be encounteredis RecordId::min( ). In some examples, RecordId::min( ) can safely beencoded as 0 (e.g., as shown in Appendix A and example code). Appendix Aprovides example source code for keystring encoding and/or comparison.The example provided include encoding and comparison of non-hybridencodings. Other implementations can include hybrid encodings into thesource example shown. Additional source code examples in Appendix Ainclude hybrid encoding and comparisons.

In the MONGODB database environment, various storage engines canconstrain the values assigned to recordID. For example, the known WIREDTIGER (“WT”) storage engine uses monotonically increasing values forrecordID, thus the translation component tailored for the WT engine canimplement the preceding optimization. In other embodiments, thetranslation component can detect and executed the encoding optimizationbased on identifying a storage engine being used, or through analysis ofproperties of the recordID, or based on validation rules on the databasethat constrain recordID to positive values.

Table I illustrates the implementation of the above positive encodingonly, and specifies the total number of bytes, bits provided forencoding, and a maximum size of the input recordID.

TABLE I Total bytes Bits provided Maximum RecordId 2 10 1023 3 18 262,143 4 26 67, 108, 863 5 34 17, 179, 869, 183 6 42 4, 398, 046, 511, 1037 50 1, 125, 899, 906, 842, 623 8 58 288, 230, 376, 151, 711, 743 9 66(only 63 are used) Full range

In other embodiment, the translation component and/or translation matrixcan be tailored to other distributed databases, other storage engines,and the translation component can be configured to analyze properties ofthe database/data being translated to determine operatingcharacteristics.

According to another aspect, comparison functions can be furtheroptimized to support both binary and decimal floating point numbers inthe same format. Executions implementing the new format enable greaterflexibility without giving up resources for size or speed of theencoding for the existing types. For example, under conventionalapproaches comparing decimal floating point numbers with binary floatingpoint numbers can be hard and computationally burdensome. Even underideal conditions, systems execute significant computations to determinewhich of 7142*10{circumflex over ( )}266 and12469052622144339*2{circumflex over ( )}833 is larger, yet whenexecuting comparisons of the same numbers post translation (e.g., makingbinary comparison of their KeyString encodings (i.e., translatedencodings)) the computational burden is trivial. By executing thedifficult computations (e.g., the translations) the computationintensive work is done in the encoding, and every comparison of thosetranslated values proceeds at orders of magnitude greater speed and withsignificantly less computational burden.

According to one embodiment, the design for a translation matrix caninclude the following encodings for binary/decimal to use incomparisons:

-   -   hybrid binary/decimal encoding—where the most significant part        of the encoding is binary (e.g., as would be done without the        hybrid encoding) and with a decimal continuation for decimal        numbers that cannot be exactly represented in binary;    -   use of a 2-bit decimal continuation indicator that allows        omitting the decimal continuation for binary numbers (e.g.,        indicator indicating presence or absence of continuation        values), while encoding decimal numbers with a threshold number        of significant digits (e.g., 15 significant digits), configured        to preserve correct interleaving with more precise values;    -   optimized encoding method for common decimal numbers with at        most 15 decimal digits avoiding overhead in the value encoding        compared to binary numbers;    -   optimized encoding method for high-precision decimal numbers        that limits the decimal continuation to 8 bytes for numbers with        more than 15 significant digits;    -   optimized TypeBits encoding that allows for bit-exact        reconstruction of Decimal128 numbers, which can be used in the        execution of covered index queries, and further configured to        preserve trailing zeros (e.g., allowing for comparisons of        numbers that otherwise compare equal).

According to some embodiments, all numeric types, including decimal128,can be implemented in the same index while providing ordering by truenumeric value. For example, a MongoDB database can include translationmatrixes with hybrid binary/decimal encoding. Discussed in greaterdetails below are process(es) for efficiently encoding binary/decimalnumbers.

According to one embodiment, a goal is to minimize impact and overheadfor non-decimal types, while being able to encode all finite IEEE754-2008 decimal128 values, ±Infinity and a single NaN value. Assumingpositive values for clarity in describing the following encodingapproach, a decimal128 value d is encoded by the largest binary doubleb, where b<d, followed by one or two bits for a Decimal ContinuationMarker (DCM) indicating whether the decimal can be recovered from thedouble or whether a decimal continuation follows.

According to some embodiment, various databases can be configured torecognize and/or support new translation models (e.g., including hybridencoding of binary/decimal numbers). In one example, a“keyStringVersion” data field can be implemented to provide aserver/database manager parameter that enables accept/rejectfunctionality for new encoding types. For example, the keystringversiondata field can be incorporated into aBSONCollectionCatalogEntry::IndexMetaData which can be accessed byvarious components to control the behavior of various translationmatrixes. For example, the data field can be used to enableaccept/rejection functions for various data types. In another example, aserver parameter can be defined (e.g., enableBSON1_1) to provide theserver information and control or prevent accepting new types Decimal128and High Precision Date (HPD). Various data fields and behavior can bedefined to control when the new data types can be used.

For example, a database can specify a“KVCollectionCatalogEntry::prepareForIndexBuild,” field and store on thedatabase a default of “keyStringVersion” “==2” if “enableBSON1_1” is setto true, and to store a value for “keyStringVersion==1,” otherwise. Thedatabase manager can be configured to generate an error or reportinvalid values if a keystring version does not support, for example,hybrid data encoding. For example, the manager can execute functions tomonitor per-operation user errors that reflect any fatal errors (e.g.,“uassert”—monitoring program)—including operations attempting to index adecimal or HPD value in an index with keyStringVersion<2.

Example of Compact Encoding for Double

According to one embodiment, to accommodate new decimal encodings,system changes reflect that decimal values need to collate with integerand binary floating point values. For double, the encoding can bedefined as 2 bits larger. The result includes turning some 7-byteencodings into 8-byte encodings. For LargeDouble and SmallDouble cases,the high bit of the exponent can be implied to be 1 and 0, respectively.In various embodiments, the sign bit is always 0 as encoding functionsalready encodes the sign separately from the magnitude. Thus, doublescan be encoded in eight value bytes, while leaving a bit or two foridentifying the kind of decimal continuation required.

Example Decimal Continuations Encoding

According to various embodiments, each 15-digit decimal number betweenDBL_MIN and DBL_MAX (which excludes subnormals) truncates to a uniquedouble precision number. Because each decimal128 number has at most 34digits, at most 10{circumflex over ( )}34−15=10{circumflex over ( )}19decimal128 numbers truncate to the same double precision number. As10{circumflex over ( )}19<21{circumflex over ( )}64, a 64-bitcontinuation is sufficient to encode the remaining 19 digits. Further,as the large majority of decimals are expected to have at most 15digits, a special optimization is made to encode such values using atmost 8 bytes, halving storage requirements. For every positive decimalvalue D define D′ as D truncated to 15 decimal digits of precision (19trailing zeros, D′≤D), and B as the largest binary double such that B≤D.In various embodiments, the translation matrix only encodes positivevalues directly. For example, negative numbers are encoded by specialtype bytes and bit flipping the positive encoding. Shown in Table II,are decimal continuation markers and the condition specified by theencoding.

TABLE II Decimal Continuation Marker (DCM) Condition Notes 00 D′ ≤ B = Dthe decimal is equal to the double 01 D′ ≤ B < D a continuation isneeded 10 B < D′ = D the double rounded up to a 15- digit decimal &yields the exact decimal 11 B < D′ < D a continuation is needed

According to one embodiment, to ensure correct sorting with integersthat have more than 53 significant bits, decimal values with a magnitudeexceeding 2{circumflex over ( )}53 either use an 8-byte integer encodingwith a single bit to indicate a decimal continuation, or a 7-byteinteger encoding followed by a byte with the value 0x3 (the DCM) and adecimal continuation.

The decimal continuation can be computed as follows:

-   -   1. Convert the encoded integer or double to decimal rounding        away from zero    -   2. Normalize this decimal to have the smallest unbiased exponent        E possible    -   3. Compute the absolute difference D between this value and the        original decimal    -   4. Store the value N=D/10{circumflex over ( )}E as unsigned        64-bit big-endian integer

Example String-Comparable Decimal128 Encoding

According to one embodiment, for finite, strictly positive normalizeddecimal128 numbers, the string of bytes of the (big-endian)representation sorts the same way as the magnitude of the numbers. Forexample, normalization can be achieved by adding a 0 with the smallestexponent, 0E{circumflex over ( )}6176—see Table III.

TABLE III Sign Combination Field Coefficient (cont'd) 1 bit 17 bits 110bits 0 00xxxxxxxxxxxxccc cccccccccc . . . ccccccccccccccccccccccccccc 001xxxxxxxxxxxxccc ccc 0 10xxxxxxxxxxxxccc

Example Encoding of Numerical Values

According to some embodiments, encoding for numerical values can bedefined as shown in Table IV below where double values can have an upperboundary of 8 bytes (excluding the CType byte).

TABLE IV Notes (lsb = least significant bit, CType Name (abbrev.) msbRange Bytes msb = most significant bit) 30 NaN 0 supports single NaNimplementations 31 NegativeLargeDouble [−Inf, −2⁶³] 8 or 16 Like 51. Useabsolute value and flip bits. 32 Negative8ByteInt <−2⁶³, −2⁵⁵] 8 or 16Like 50. 33 Negative7ByteInt <−2⁵⁵, −2⁴⁷] 7, 8 or 16 Like 49. . . . . .. . . . . . . 39 Negative1ByteInt <−2⁷, −1] 1, 8 or 16 Like 43. 40NegativeSmallDouble <−1, 0> 8 or 16 Like 42. 41 Zero 0 0 no change (butsee TypeBits) 42 PositiveSmallDouble 00 <0, 2⁻¹⁰⁷⁴> 16  Read 16 bytes.The two msb are 0, and the entire 128 bit value encodes a big-endiandecimal128. 01 [2{circumflex over ( )}−1074, 8 or 16 Read 8 bytes. Thelsb (least 10 2{circumflex over ( )}−255> significant bit indicateswhether an 8-byte decimal continuation follows. Subtracting 2{circumflexover ( )}62 and shift one right to obtain a 63-bit value. This encodes apositive double- precision number, scaled by 2{circumflex over ( )}256to avoid subnormal numbers with less precision. 11 [2⁻²⁵⁵, 1> 8 or 16The two msb are set, the two least significant bits are the DCM. Thedouble is found by shifting the entire value two bits to the right. Theresulting double will have both msbs equal to 0 indicating a positivenumber with a negative exponent. 43 Positive1ByteInt [1, 2⁷> 1, 8 or 16Read 1 byte as binary integer shifted left 1 bit. The lsb indicates a7-byte binary fraction follows, the low two bits of which are the DCM. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Positive7ByteInt [247, 255> 7, 8 or 16Read 7 bytes as binary integer shifted left 1 bit. The lsb indicates a1-byte binary fraction follows, the low two bits of which are the DCM.50 Positive8ByteInt [255, 263> 8 or 16 Read 8 bytes as binary integershifted left 1 bit. The lsb indicates that a 64-bit decimal continuationfollows, representing the fractional part of the decimal128 value.(double of this magnitude must be integer, so a fractional part impliesdecimal) 51 PositiveLargeDouble 0 [2{circumflex over ( )}63, 8 or 16Read 8 bytes. The msb is clear, 2{circumflex over ( )}1024-2{circumflexover ( )}971]* a 62 bit LargeDouble encoding follows, with the final bitindicating whether a 64-bit decimal continuation follows. * The end ofthe range is DBL_MAX PositiveLargeDouble 1 <2{circumflex over( )}1024-2971, 16  The msb is set. The lower 127 10{circumflex over( )}6144> bits are a decimal128 number without sign. PositiveLargeDouble1 +Inf 8 All bits set

In some embodiments, for Negative7ByteInt and Positive7ByteInt, thenon-zero fraction bits are added until the total number of significantbits equals 53. Unused trailing bits (before the DCM) can be set tozero. For decimals with a magnitude M such that 0<M<DBL_MIN, the systemcomputes the scaled double by scaling in the decimal domain using2{circumflex over ( )}256 rounded down to the nearest decimal128 valueand then rounding down to the nearest double. The system stores thevalue with the largest magnitude of this value and value of the decimalrounded down to double and then scaled by 2{circumflex over ( )}256.

Example of TypeBits: Non-Zero Numeric (e.g., CType 30-40, 42-51—(SeeTable IV))

For non-negative numbers, up to 34 representations have the same numericvalue (differing in precision), so an extra 6 type bits can be used invarious embodiments, to recover the original representation—resulting in8 bits (which may not be byte aligned) of type info per decimal value.In one implementation, the system is configured to store the low bits,rather than an offset from a normalized form, as that will often savework in determining what the exponent of the normalized form is—SeeTable V.

TABLE V Numerical Type bit 0-1 bit 2-7 (kDecimal only) kInt 0x0 kDouble0x1 kLong 0x2 kDecimal 0x3 0-63, low 6 bits of decimal exponent

Example TypeBits: Zero Numeric (e.g., CType 41—Shown Above in Table IV)

Because both positive and negative zeros are possible for all positiveand negative exponents, there is a total of 2*(6143+6144)=24,574=6*2**12zeros. To avoid expanding the number of type bits for 32-bit and 64-bitzeros and the double precision positive zero, type bit encodingsstarting with 0x3 have been optimized as shown below in Table VI.

TABLE VI Numerical Type bit 0-1 bit 2-4 bit 5-17 (kDecimal only) kInt0x0 kDouble 0x1 kLong 0x2 kNegativeDoubleZero 0x3 0x0 kNormalDecimalZero(“0”) 0x1 kDecimalZero0xxx 0x2 0x0-0xfff . . . . . . . . .kDecimalZero5xxx 0x7 0x0-0xfff

According to various embodiments, the translation system can beimplemented on any distributed database and enable efficiencyimprovements in data retrieval. In one example, the translationsubsystem can enable efficiency improvements in using index data tospeed data operations on the distributed database. The distributeddatabase may also contain pluggable storage engines, capable of beingselected to provide further enhancement to efficiency in execution. Thetranslation subsystem can be implemented in conjunction with pluggablestorage engine architectures. In some embodiment, multiple translationsubsystem can be associated with multiple storage engines, whereinrespective translation subsystems are tailored to respective storageengines. In other embodiments, the translation subsystem and/ortranslation components can be implemented as part of a database storageAPI. The database storage API can be configured to selectively map todifferent pluggable storage engines and/or translationsubsystems/components.

In another embodiment, the selection of a particular storage engineand/or translation subsystem/component may be made by the storage APIitself or other system components based on one or more factors. Forexample, a storage engine and/or translation subsystem may be selectedfor its expected optimal performance as compared to other storage engineoptions and/or translation subsystems. The factors used to recommend orselect an optimal storage engine or whether or not to translate data forcomparison may relate to the type and breakdown of historical operationsperformed on the database (e.g., volume of write requests, volume orread requests, timing of writes and/or read, sparsity of data, datatypes being access, data operations being run (e.g., large volume sortson a specific collection can indicate optimization based on translatingthe collection, etc.), and/or the characteristics of a set of operationspredicted to be performed on the database.

An example of a database subsystem 200 is shown in FIG. 2. The databasesubsystem 200 includes an interface 202 for sending and receivinginformation (including database requests and responses thereto) torouter processes, database clients, or other components or entities inthe system. In one embodiment, the backend architecture is configured tointeract with any data model provided by a managed database. Forexample, the managed database can include a non-relational data model.In another embodiment, the data model can be implemented in the form ofreplica sets as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No.12/977,563, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.The database subsystem 200 includes a storage application programminginterface (API) 208 that receives database requests, including requeststo perform read and write operations. The storage API may include atranslation component 208 configured to translate stored data into abyte stream to optimize data comparisons.

For example, when a data request (e.g., write, read, etc.) operation isrequested, the storage API 208 in response selectively triggers a firststorage engine 204 or a second storage engine 206 configured to storedata in a first data format or second data format, respectively, in node210. As discussed in more detail below, a database monitor 211 may tracka number of analytics about the database. In some embodiments, thedatabase monitor 211 is configured to track the operations performed onthe data over time, and store that information as analytics data 213. Insome examples, analytic data may be stored in a separate database. Inother examples, the analytics data is stored as a name collection (i.e.,a logical grouping of data). These analytics may be provided to thestorage API 208 and/or a translation component (e.g., 220), which relieson the analytics to selectively actuate an appropriate storage engineand/or make a determination on whether translation of comparison datawill increase efficiency. For a database collection (e.g., logicalgrouping of database data) that stores index data, translation can beassumed to improve execution efficiency. In one embodiment, index datais translated unless the database monitor 211 generates contraryindications or post analysis by the monitor 211 indicates that thetranslation does not improve execution efficiency.

In one example, the database monitor 211 tracks the relative number ofread and write operations performed on a collection within the databasefor selecting a storage engine. In another example, the database monitor211 is configured to track any operations (e.g., reads, writes, etc.)performed on any base unit of data in the database for selecting thestorage engine (e.g. 104 and 106) and/or translation component (e.g.,222 and 224).

In some embodiments, the storage API 208 uses the tracked data (e.g.,analytics data) collected by the database monitor 211 and/or theanalytics data 213 to select an optimal storage engine and/ortranslation component for a database, a collection, or a document. Inone example, the storage API 208 is mapped to the selected storageengine. Where the translation component is part of the API, thetranslation component can translate original data into the canonicalbyte stream used in data comparisons. For example, the translationcomponent can receive an index collection as input from a selectedstorage engine, translate, and store the translated index data in anindex memory 214 on a database node 210. After the data has beentranslated subsequent data requests use the translated byte stream todetermine if a query references indexed data. If the request referencesindexed data, the index association (if any) can be used to speedretrieval of that data from, for example, the primary memory 212 of thedatabase node. The database node can track operations (e.g., writes,reads, etc.) executed against the database via an operation log 216.

In other embodiments, the translation component resides in the storageengines themselves (e.g., at 222 and 224). Translation determinationscan be made by the storage engines and for example, index collectionscan be translated and stored into an index memory 214. In anotherembodiment, the translation component 218 may reside on the databasenode 210, and any translation of data can take place after a storageengine has been selected by the storage API and used to retrieve and/orprocess data.

In some embodiments, the storage API 208 uses the tracked data (e.g.,analytics data) collected by a database monitor and/or the analyticsdata to select an optimal storage engine and/or data format for adatabase, a collection, or a document having the observed read/writeratio. In one example, the storage API 208 is map able to the selectedstorage engine.

Once a storage engine has been selected, an identifier of the selectedstorage engine may be stored in a location in memory or on disk; when awrite operation request is received by the storage API 208, theidentifier is used to identify and activate the storage engine.Alternatively, elements of the database can specify a mapping orassociation with a storage engine that can be manually edited, editedthrough an administrative interface, or automatically changed responsiveto system monitoring. In other embodiments, the database monitor 211itself is configured to determine an optimal storage engine and/ortranslation component based on the analytics data 213 and other aspectsof the data, for example, stored in the database, database collection,or in a document. This determination may be passed to the storage API208, or otherwise used to map the storage API 208 to a determinedstorage engine.

FIG. 3 shows a block diagram of an exemplary arrangement of a storageAPI 308, storage engines 304, 306, translation components/subsystems(e.g., 322, 324, 326, and 328) a database API 360, and other componentsof a managed database subsystem 300. The storage API 308 is configuredto receive database operation requests from the database API 360. Thedatabase API 360, in turn, may receive instructions from an applicationor from a user submitting query language or otherwise providinginstructions for performing operations associated with data in themanaged database. In one example, the database API 360 is the primaryinterface through which programs and users interact with the data on themanaged database subsystem 300. In one embodiment, the database API 360passes a database request to the storage API 308. For a write operation,the storage API 308 then determines an appropriate data format in whichto store the subject data of the requested operation, and calls anappropriate storage engine (e.g., first storage engine 304 or secondstorage engine 306) configured to store the data in the appropriate dataformat in a data store 320. In some embodiments, the storage API 308and/or a database monitor 311 may determine the appropriate data formatbased on analytics data 313 and other aspects of the data stored. Aspart of a managed database becoming live to receive and respond todatabase request from clients, the database API 360 may retrieve andload index data into memory. The API 360 may include a translationcomponent 328, that is configured to translate, for example, the indexdata into a byte stream, and the API may execute comparisons between anincoming data request and the translated data to determine if therequest targets indexed data.

In an embodiment incorporating a replica set, a primary node executes adata operation (e.g., write or read) on data, then passes the operationthrough an associated API (e.g., the database API 360) to a storageengine API 308. The storage API 308 in turn passes the operation to aparticular storage engine (e.g., storage engine 304), handling anytransformation or mapping of the data as required by the storage engine.The storage engine, upon receiving the request, retrieves or stores thedata in a storage format associated with the storage engine. In someembodiments, the storage engine may also perform additionaltransformations or mappings of the data

In one example, the storage API 308 is a set of protocols, functions,and data used by other applications or APIs to interact with thedatabase. In other words, the API in some examples, provides both theprogramming interface to which commands are passed, as well as theunderlying data and functionality for carrying out those commands. Forexample, the storage API 308 may provide functions for performingoperations on the database, including write operations, read operations,or commit operations. Any necessary data or variables are passed to suchfunctions, the details of which are carried out by the functionality ofthe storage API 308. The storage API 308 may be configured to performoperations on the nodes (e.g., primary node or secondary nodes) of areplica set, as discussed in more detail below with respect to FIGS. 3and 4.

In some embodiments, the storage API 308 is in direct communication withthe database API 360. In other embodiments, including those in which themanaged database subsystem 300 is located on a server connected by anetwork to other database components, the storage API 308 may be incommunication with a network interface configured to receive requestsfrom the database API 360 and pass them to the storage API 308.

The first storage engine 304 and second storage engine 306 areconfigured to store database data in the data store 320 in one or moredata formats. The embodiments discussed in this application discussschema-less and/or non-relational database scenarios. In some examples,data may be stored in the form of a “document” that is a collection ofattribute-value associations relating to a particular entity, and insome examples, the document forms a base unit of data storage for themanaged database system. Attributes in the document are similar to rowsin a relational database, but do not require the same level oforganization, and are therefore less subject to architecturalconstraints. A collection is a group of documents that can be used for aloose, logical organization of documents. It should be appreciated,however, that the concepts discussed herein are applicable to relationaldatabases and other database formats, and this disclosure should not beconstrued as being limited to non-relational databases in the disclosedembodiments.

In one example, the database data may include logical organizations ofsubsets of database data. In one embodiment, the data is a collection ofdocuments or other structures in a non-relational database. The datastore 320 may also store index data, which may include copies of certainfields of data that are logically ordered to be searched efficiently.Each entry in the index may consist of a key-value pair that representsa document or field (i.e., the value), and provides an address orpointer to a low-level disk block address where the document or field isstored (the key). The data store 320 may also store an operation log(“oplog”), which is a chronological list of write/update operationsperformed on the data store during a particular time period. The oplogcan be used to roll back or re-create those operations should it becomenecessary to do so due to a database crash or other error. The datastore320 can include physical or on disk copies of index data. In someexamples, the translation component (e.g., 322, 324, 326, and 328)translates on disk index data from a storage format to a byte streamthat can be retained in memory, and used when processing databaserequests.

According to some embodiments, primary data, index data, or oplog datamay be stored on disk in any of a number of database formats, includingrow store, column store, log-structured merge (LSM) tree, or otherwise,and the translation component can be used to translate the respectiveformat into a comparison optimized byte stream.

For example, reading a particular document or field that is stored inrow-store or column-store format generally involves using indexinformation to locate and read the requested data from memory. Thus, anyimprovement in determining if a request targets indexed data yieldssignificant improvement in database efficiency and translating indexdata from a stored format to the byte stream canonical format achieveexecution efficiency.

Returning again to FIG. 2, the storage API 208 receives database writerequests (e.g., from a database API (not shown)) via a network interface202, and carries out the requested operations by selectively triggeringone of the first storage engine 204 and the second storage engine 206,and potentially determining if any translation of data is likely toyield execution efficiencies. As discussed in more detail below, adatabase monitor 211 may track a number of analytics about the database,and the operations performed on it over time, and stores thatinformation as analytics data 213.

One advantage of using the storage API 208 as an abstraction layerbetween the database API and the storage engines is that the identityand selection of a particular storage engine (and a respective dataformat) can be transparent to the database API and/or a user interactingwith the database API. Thus, the choice and implementation of calls toan appropriate storage engine are made by the API 308, freeing thedatabase API calls, for example, to simply request a “write” of certaindata. This abstraction level allows for the implementation of the systemon large filesystems that may be stored across machines in a databasecluster, such as the Hadoop Filesystem offered by the Apache SoftwareFoundation. Additionally, the abstraction layer can include translationcomponents to identify data that can be optimized for comparisonefficiencies. For example, index data can be identified, and regardlessof the storage format of the storage engine, the index data can betranslate into a byte stream.

Another advantage of using the storage API 208 is the ability to add,remove, or modify storage engines and/or translation components withoutmodifying the database requests being passed to the API 208. The storageAPI 208 is configured to identify the available storage engines andselect the appropriate one based on a one or more factors discussedbelow. The database API requesting write operations need not know theparticulars of the storage engine selection or operation, meaning thatstorage engines may be embodied in pluggable modules that may be swappedout or modified.

The embodiment shown and discussed with respect to FIG. 2 depicts asingle database node 210. Yet in some embodiments, multiple databasenodes may be provided and arranged in a replica set. FIG. 4 shows ablock diagram of an exemplary replica set 400. Replica set 410 includesa primary node 420 and one or more secondary nodes 430, 440, 450, eachof which is configured to store a dataset that has been inserted intothe database. The primary node 420 may be configured to store all of thedocuments currently in the database, and may be considered and treatedas the authoritative version of the database in the event that anyconflicts or discrepancies arise, as will be discussed in more detailbelow. While three secondary nodes 430, 440, 450 are depicted forillustrative purposes, any number of secondary nodes may be employed,depending on cost, complexity, and data availability requirements. In apreferred embodiment, one replica set may be implemented on a singleserver. In other embodiments, the nodes of the replica set may be spreadamong two or more servers.

The primary node 420 and secondary nodes 430, 440, 450 may be configuredto store data in any number of database formats or data structures asare known in the art. In one embodiment, the primary node 420 isconfigured to store documents or other structures associated withschema-less, dynamic schema, and/or non-relational databases. Theembodiments discussed herein relate to documents of a document-baseddatabase, such as those offered by MongoDB, Inc. (of New York, N.Y. andPalo Alto, Calif.), but other data structures and arrangements arewithin the scope of the disclosure as well.

In one embodiment, both read and write operations may be permitted atany node (including primary node 420 or secondary nodes 430, 440, 450)in response to requests from clients. The scalability of read operationscan be achieved by adding nodes and database instances. In someembodiments, the primary node 420 and/or the secondary nodes 430, 440,450 are configured to respond to read operation requests by eitherperforming the read operation at that node or by delegating the readrequest operation to another node (e.g., a particular secondary node430). Such delegation may be performed based on load-balancing andtraffic direction techniques known in the art.

In some embodiments, the database only allows write operations to beperformed at the primary node 420, with the secondary nodes 430, 440,450 disallowing write operations. In some embodiments, the primary node420 and the secondary nodes 430, 440, 450 may operate together to form areplica set 310 that achieves eventual consistency, meaning thatreplication of database changes to the secondary nodes 430, 440, 450 mayoccur asynchronously. When write operations cease, all replica nodes ofa database will eventually “converge,” or become consistent. In theevent of a primary node 420 failure, a secondary node 430 may assume theresponsibilities of the primary node, allowing operation of the replicaset to continue through the outage. This failover functionality isdescribed in U.S. application Ser. No. 12/977,563, the disclosure ofwhich is hereby incorporated by reference.

Each node in the replica set 410 may be implemented on one or moreserver systems. Additionally, one server system can host more than onenode. Each server can be connected via a communication device to anetwork, for example the Internet, and each server can be configured toprovide a heartbeat signal notifying the system that the server is upand reachable on the network. Sets of nodes and/or servers can beconfigured across wide area networks, local area networks, intranets,and can span various combinations of wide area, local area and/orprivate networks. Various communication architectures are contemplatedfor the sets of servers that host database instances and can includedistributed computing architectures, peer networks, virtual systems,among other options.

As discussed above, translation components can be implemented on thenodes of a distributed data (e.g., on the nodes of the replica set).Each node may have its own index data based on what data is beingreplicated at any one or more of the database nodes. In some examples,each copy of the index data for the replica set is translated by arespective translation component (e.g., 422, 424, 426, and 428) on arespective node. Each node may include reserved memory for index data,and maintain the translated byte stream in an index memory space.Comparisons made between incoming data request can be executed moreefficiently based on use of the byte stream formatted index data forcomparison. The translation components can also analyze other dataresiding on respective nodes to determine if translation may improveexecution efficiency. For example, in collection mostly used to returnsorted results, translation into the canonical form byte stream mayimprove execution efficiency.

An example of a distributed database 500 incorporating a replica set 510is shown in FIG. 5. As can be seen, database 500 incorporates many ofthe elements of database subsystem 200 of FIG. 2, but also incorporatesreplica set 510 comprising primary node 520 and secondary nodes 530 and540. In one example, the replica set 510 functions in much the samemanner as the replica set 400 discussed with respect to FIG. 4. Whileonly two secondary nodes 530 and 540 are shown for illustrativepurposes, it will be appreciated that the number of secondary nodes maybe scaled up or down as desired or necessary.

In one example, database operation requests directed to the replica set510 may be processed by the primary node 520 and either performed by theprimary node 520 or directed to a secondary node 530, 540 asappropriate. In one embodiment, both read and write operations arepermitted at any node (including primary node 520 or secondary nodes530, 540) in response to requests from clients. The scalability of readoperations can be achieved by adding nodes and database instances. Insome embodiments, the primary node 520 and/or the secondary nodes 530,540 are configured to respond to read operation requests by eitherperforming the read operation at that node or by delegating the readrequest operation to another node (e.g., a particular secondary node530). Such delegation may be performed based on load-balancing andtraffic direction techniques known in the art, in some examples is donevia routing processes (not shown). By virtue of one or more thetranslation components (e.g., 560, 562, 564, 566, 568, 570), indexcomparisons for requested data operations can be executed against acanonical format byte stream. The byte by byte comparisons can beexecuted faster than complicated comparison logic required by otherformats.

Another example architecture is illustrated in FIG. 6. FIG. 6 is a blockdiagram of an example architecture for a distributed database system 600that is improved by integration of pluggable database storage engines.In some embodiments, implementation of pluggable database storageengines improves execution efficiency of the managed database system600. According to one embodiment, the distributed database system 600has been specially configured as a shard cluster. In other embodiments,the managed database system 600 can be organized as one or more replicasets as discussed above. In some embodiments, replica sets support orprovide an underlying architecture for the shard cluster.

The shard cluster is the grouping of shards that collectively representthe data within the database, with each shard responsible for storing aparticular range or subset of documents in the database. A shard clustertypically comprises multiple shard servers (e.g., 602-608) hostingmultiple partitions (e.g., 662-674) or shards of data, one or moreconfiguration servers (e.g., 610-614) for metadata management, and shardrouter processes (e.g., 616-618). Metadata for the shard cluster caninclude, for example, information on the ranges of data stored in eachpartition, information associated with managing the shard cluster,partition counts, number of shard servers, data index information,partition size constraints, data distribution thresholds, among otheroptions. In some embodiments, each router process (e.g., 616 and 618)can include a translation component (e.g., 676 and 678) that capturesindex information and transforms the index data into a comparisonefficient byte stream. In other embodiments, translation components canbe distributed throughout a shard cluster (e.g., at 676-682) andtranslation of any index data or other portion the database can beexecuted at and one or more of the shards 602-608.

Each shard of data (e.g., 662-674) can be configured to reside on one ormore servers executing database operations for storing, retrieving,managing, and/or updating data. Configurations within a shard clustercan be defined by metadata associated with the managed database referredto as shard metadata. Shard metadata can include information oncollections within a given database, the number of collections, dataassociated with accessing the collections, database key properties for agiven collection, ranges of key values associated with a givenpartition, shard, and/or chunk of data within a given collections, toprovide some examples.

Returning to FIG. 6, the three dots illustrated next to the systemcomponents indicate that additional instances of the system componentmay be included. In some embodiments, adding additional shards,configuration servers, and/or shard routing processes can increase thecapacity of the managed database system. The shard router processes616-618 handle incoming requests from clients 620 (e.g., applications,web services, user initiated requests, application protocol interfaces,etc.).

In addition to the consistency processes executed on the configurationservers, the shard cluster can be configured with various replicationmodels to insure consistent replication of any changes to the database'smetadata stored on the configuration servers. In some embodiments, thereplication model for the configuration servers can be different fromthe replication model used within the rest of the shard cluster, forexample, on the shard servers 602-608. In one embodiment, theconfiguration servers can be configured to perform operations undervarious all-or-nothing approaches while the data stored in databaseshards can be configured to operate under an eventual consistency model.Regardless of the replication models executed by the shard cluster,storage formats can be selected and managed independent via a storageAPI. Further optimizations can be realized using canonical byte streamformats for data used heavily in comparison operations (e.g., indexdata, sort heavy collections, etc.).

FIG. 7 is an example process 700 for translating database data from anative format to a canonical byte format. Process 700 begins withretrieval of database data. In one example, the database can bespecialized data used in management functions of the database. Thespecialized data can include index data used for lookup efficiency. Theretrieved data is matched based on data type to a plurality of canonicaldata types at 704. If the retrieved data includes embedded arrays orreferences to other base data types 706 YES, the internal referencesand/or array data types are matched preserving order to canonical datatypes at 708. References flags can be included when internal referencesand/or arrays as they are being encoded, for example at 714. Thereference flags or special bytes in the encoded data can facilitatemaintaining proper order and can be used for reference when comparingthe byte stream against other data. If there are no arrays or internalreferences 706 NO process 700 continues at 710, wherein valueless datatypes can be identified 710 and encoded according to their data type at714. If the data type is associated with data values 710 NO, therespective data values can be evaluated at 712, and the data type andvalue can be encoded at 714. Optionally process 700 can continue at 716,where the ability to recover the original data type and value isdesired, and additional information may be necessary to disambiguate theencode byte representation. If the original format can be recovered 716NO, process 700 can end at 718 once each data record of the retrieveddata has been processes. If additional information is necessary torecovering the original data format 716 YES, the additional data can becaptured and encoded (e.g., at 720) as additional values in the bytestream or stored separately (e.g., as a reference). Once captured andencoded, process 700 ends at 718.

FIG. 8 is an example process 800 for operating a storage API on adatabase server (e.g., the shard server 600 depicted in FIG. 6). Process800 can be used in conjunction with process 700 or may call process 700,for example, once index data has been retrieved by a storage engine. Atstep 810, process 800 begins. At step 820, an expected set of operationsto be performed on a portion of a database is determined. In oneembodiment, the portion of the database stores one type of information,such as primary data, index data, or an oplog, for that database. Insome embodiments, the portion of the database may not represent theentirety of that type of data. For example, where the portion of thedatabase is some subset of the primary data, other portions of thedatabase may also store primary data. Furthermore, the portion of thedatabase may represent a single document, a collection of documents, orthe entire database.

In some embodiments, the expected set of operations is determined basedon the type of data stored in the portion of the database. Differentdata types often have different characteristics that may help inidentifying or predicting an expected set of operations. For example, aportion of the database storing an oplog may be expected to undergo morewrite operations than read operations, since each operation performed onthe primary data of the database will be written to the oplog, but theoplog will only be read relatively occasionally (e.g., in the event of adatabase failure or data inconsistency). By contrast, primary data inthe database may be more likely to have a higher number of readoperations, since database queries often represent a significant portionof the operations performed on the database.

In some embodiments, the amortized cost of a typical operation may beconsidered. For example, primary data is considered to have a relativelyhigh locality of reference, meaning that, when performing an operationon a piece of stored data, the data in nearby memory locations is morelikely to be relevant/required in related operations than a randomlyselected memory location. When a document is stored in row-store format,for example, the data is stored contiguously; reading multiple blocks ofdata in one read operation is likely to yield several useful pieces ofdata in responding to a query. Thus, the cost (in time) of that readoperation may be amortized over the number of relevant pieces of dataread during that operation. For example, if a read operation takes xamount of time, but is able to read in 10 pieces of information neededin responding to the current query, then the amortized cost of that readoperation may be considered x/10. In some embodiments, this amortizedcost may be used in determining the expected set of operations.

Relatedly, in some embodiments, the expected set of operations isdetermined based on the nature of the data stored in the portion of thedatabase. As discussed above, primary data may be expected to have arelatively higher proportion of read operations than oplog data. It willalso be appreciated that the nature of some types of primary data, forexample, may be used in identifying or predicting an expected set ofoperations. For example, a portion of a database that stores productinformation for an ecommerce store that rarely changes its productofferings may be expected to have a relatively high number of readoperations as opposed to write operations, since the product informationmay often be accessed (i.e., read) by visitors to the website but mayrarely be updated (i.e., written) by the store administrator. On theother hand, a portion of a database that stores inventory informationfor a high-volume ecommerce store may be expected to have a relativelyhigh number of both read and write operations, as visitor purchasesnecessitate verifying (i.e., reading) and updating (i.e., writing) theinventory information to the database.

In some embodiments, the expected set of operations is determined basedon a historical analysis of the portion of the database and the otherdata (and metadata) available for that portion of the database. Forexample, the oplog may be consulted to determine how many readoperations are performed on a portion of the database storing primarydata. In some embodiments, a tally may be kept of the number and type ofoperations performed on the portion of the database during a particulartime period. These operation tallies may be used to determine, for aparticular time period, the relative proportions of read and writeoperations performed on the portion of the database. Those relativeproportions may then be considered in identifying or predicting anexpected set of operations to be performed on the portion of thedatabase. For example, where a database index has historically undergonemany more read operations than write operations, it may be concludedthat the expected set of operations for that portion of the databasestoring the database index will continue to have a proportionally highernumber of read operations. In some embodiments, more recent historicaldata is weighted more heavily than older data, so that a recent changein the way the portion of the database is being used (e.g., the primarydata has started to undergo a higher proportion of reads than writes)will be appropriately taken into account in identifying an expected setof operations in the future.

In some embodiments, an analogous historical period is identified, andanalytics from that period referred to, in determining the expected setof operations. In some embodiments, the time of day, day of week, day ofmonth, or dates of the year are taken into account in identifying anexpected set of operations. In one example, it may be determined thatthe beginning of the month is a busy time for website-based enrollmentsin a program, and therefore a large number of write operations may beexpected. Similarly, in another example, it may be determined that adatabase supporting an e-commerce store performs an extraordinary numberof read operations in the days following the U.S. Thanksgiving holiday,as shoppers browse for holiday purchases. These insights into past timeperiods may be used to predict an expected set of operations in acurrent corresponding time period.

In some embodiments, the expected set of operations to be determined mayinclude more than the read and write operations. For example, it may bedetermined, based on a user profile, historic practice, or configurationparameters that data will be written and read in a compressed format inorder to save storage space. In such embodiments, considerationsrelating to those operations may also be considered.

The factors considered in making the determinations above may beconsidered in conjunction with one another. In one embodiment, thelayout of the portion of the database, such as a collection ofdocuments, may be considered along with the historical ways in which thedata in the collection is accessed. For example, the documents in acollection may have a large number of fields, only some of which arepopulated or accessed. (This situation may be considered analogous to a“wide” table having many columns, only few of which are populated.) Inthis example, where only a relative few fields are being accessed, adetermination may be made that it should be expected that reading asmall number of fields from many documents is more likely to occur thanreading entire documents.

At step 830, a characteristic is determined of the expected set ofoperations to be performed on the portion of the database. Thecharacteristic may be a count, threshold, minimum or maximum amount,ratio, percentage, or other measurement based on, derived from, orcalculated from the expected set of operations. In some embodiments, thecharacteristic is the relative number of expected read operations ascompared to write operations, which may be expressed as a read/writeratio. In some embodiments, this read/write ratio may be weightedaccording to the predicted speed of performing various operations on theportion of the database, given the arrangement of the database. Forexample, read operations on a relatively small collection, most or allof which can be stored in memory, may be performed relatively quickly.Operations performed on a larger collection may likely require morereads from disk, which are typically quite a bit slower than memoryreads. The relatively “expensive” read operations in the latter case maybe a characteristic considered in determining what data format should beused. For example, “expensive” read operations may be assigned aweighted value of greater than 1.0 read operations, whereas more“inexpensive” read operations (such as those from memory) may beassigned a weighted value of 1.0 read operations.

At step 840, responsive to the expected set of operations having a firstcharacteristic, a determination is made to store the portion of thedatabase in a first data format, and at step 850, responsive to theexpected set of operations having a second characteristic, adetermination is made to store the portion of the database in a seconddata format. Thus, depending on the characteristics of the set ofoperations expected for the portion of the database, the portion of thedatabase may be configured to store the data in a selected one of anumber of formats.

In one embodiment, the determination to store data in a given format ismade with respect to the weighted or unweighted read/write ratiodiscussed above. For example, where the read/write ratio is relativelyhigh (i.e., a proportionally higher number of read operations may beexpected for the portion of the database), a data format most suited fora high volume of read operations is identified. In this example, arow-store format or column-store format may be selected. In someembodiments, the selection is made with respect to other characteristicsof the data, as discussed above. For example, where multiple fieldswithin a document are likely to be read (e.g., retrieving employeeprofiles from a database storing individual employee information in adocument), a row-store format may be suitable, since in a row-storeformat the document fields are stored in contiguous memory locations.Where a single field is likely to be read from multiple documents (e.g.,reading salary information for an entire company), a column-store formatmay be suitable, since in a column-store format all values for aparticular field are stored in contiguous memory locations. As anotherexample, where the read/write ratio is relatively low (i.e., aproportionally higher number of write operations may be expected for theportion of the database), a data format most suited for a high volume ofwrite operations is selected. In this example, a LSM-tree format isselected.

In some embodiments, the determination to store data in a given formatmay be made with reference to other expected operations beyond read andwrite operations. For example, if it was determined in step 820 that theportion of the database is likely to be compressed in order to savestorage space, the determination may be made to store the data in aformat conducive to compression. For example, it is known that acollection of like types of data may be more efficiently compressed thana collection of disparate types of data, given the techniques that canbe applied to homogeneous data. In such a situation, it may therefore besuitable to store the data in a column-store format, keeping like values(i.e., fields) contiguous and enjoying the benefits of compression ofhomogeneous data.

In optional step 860, the portion of the database is stored in theselected data format. In some embodiments, the entire portion of thedatabase is stored in the selected data format as soon as practicable.In other words, the entire portion of the database may be stored in theselected data format at the next available opportunity. In otherembodiments, the portion of the database is stored in the selected dataformat as write operations occur. In such embodiments, the migration tothe selected format occurs gradually.

In optional step 870, at some point in time after the portion of thedatabase is stored in the selected data format, the benefit or effect ofthe selection of the data format is assessed by comparing theperformance of the system both before and after the selection accordingto various metrics. For example, the average time to perform a writeoperation and/or a read operation may be compared from before and afterthe format was selected and put into use. If the average time has gottensmaller (i.e., the database is more quickly performing operations), thenthe selected format may be considered an improvement over the previousformat. On the other hand, if performance has not improved or hasdegraded, the system may determine whether the previous format should bereverted to. In some embodiments, the administrators or users of thesystem may be alerted to the possibility that the selected format is notan improvement, and options may be provided to select the previousformat, continue to use the current format, or perform additionalanalysis.

Process 800 ends at step 880.

It will be appreciated that process 800 may be performed with respect toindividual nodes within a replica set, selecting a suitable data formatfor each portion of the database stored on each node. Thus, withreference to FIG. 5, a portion of the database stored on primary node520 may be stored in a different selected format than the correspondingportion of the database stored on secondary node 430. For example, theprimary data 522 may be stored in primary node 520 in an LSM-treeformat, since as discussed above, in some embodiments the primary node520 may be responsible for handling the write operations directed to thereplica set. On the other hand, the corresponding primary data 532 insecondary node 530 may be stored in a row-store format, since in suchembodiments the secondary nodes 530, 540 may be responsible for handlingread operations directed to the replica set. The system may beconfigured to migrate data from the primary node 520 to the secondarynode 530, 540, handling such migration according to the selected dataformat for that portion of the database on each node

In some embodiments, regardless of the storage format, a translationcomponent can translate the storage format into a byte stream, forexample, to facilitate comparison operations between the translated dataand other data requests.

FIG. 9 is an example process 900 for operating a database server (e.g.,the shard server 600 depicted in FIG. 6), wherein a user of the systemis provided an option to select a storage format. At step 910, process900 begins. At step 920, one or more data format selection options for aportion of a database may be presented to a user. The user may be anadministrator of the database system, or may be any user withcredentials that allow for selection of a data format for the portion ofthe database. In a preferred embodiment, the user interacts with thesystem via a user interface allowing for the selection of data formatsto be used in storing a portion of the database. A screen may bedisplayed to the user providing the option to identify a portion of thedatabase and choose a desired data format in which to store that portionof the database. In some embodiments, a storage engine selector mayassist with the decision by providing analytics and recommendationsenabling an informed decision regarding the storage format. For example,the user may be presented with an interface showing the historicalread/write operation ratio for particular period of time, which may beconfigurable. Other analytics and metadata about the database (or theportion of the database to be stored) may also be presented, includingthe size and layout of the data.

At optional step 930, one or more recommendations may be presented tothe user regarding data format options for the portion of the database.The recommendation may be formed based on the considerations discussedabove with respect to steps 930 and 940 of process 900. For example, thetype of data, amortized cost of a typical operation, the nature of thedata, a historical analysis of the portion of the database and the otherdata (and metadata) available for that portion of the database,compression, and other considerations may be taken into account. In someembodiments, a plurality of recommendations are provided in aprioritized order determined by the system.

In some embodiments, before or concurrent with the user being providedwith one or more recommendations, the user may be presented with theoption to identify priorities for the database. For example, the usermay be asked to place a relative importance on the speed of readoperations, the speed of write operations, and the like. In someembodiments, configuration decisions made by the user may also affectthe recommendations. For example, the user may be queried whethercompression will be used on the portion of the database. If so, a dataformat suitable for compression may be recommended. For example, it isknown that a collection of like types of data may be more efficientlycompressed than a collection of disparate types of data, given thetechniques that can be applied to homogeneous data. In such a situation,it may therefore be suitable to store the data in a column-store format,keeping like values (i.e., fields) contiguous and enjoying the benefitsof compression of homogeneous data.

In some embodiments, the user may be provided with the option toidentify multiple data formats, from which one is selected based onthresholds that the user also provides. For example, the user may beprompted to enter a threshold read/write ratio (e.g., 80%) at which aportion of the database that meets that threshold at a given time willbe stored in a chosen format (e.g., row-store format). The user may beprovided the option to be prompted to switch to such a data format whenthe threshold is reached, or to have the switch be made automatically.In some embodiments, the threshold must be met or exceeded for a certainamount of time before the switch is enacted, to avoid too-frequentformat changes in the event of temporary activity.

In step 940, the user's selection of one or more data formats isreceived through a user interface. In step 950, the portion of thedatabase is stored in the selected data format. In some embodiments, theentire portion of the database is stored in the selected data format assoon as practicable. In other words, the entire portion of the databasemay be stored in the selected data format at the next availableopportunity.

In other embodiments, the portion of the database may be stored in theselected data format at a time selected by the user. For example, whenselecting the data format (or the threshold for switching to the dataformat), the user may be prompted whether the change should go intoplace right away, or should be deferred for some amount of time or untilsome event occurs. The user may be given the option to defer the changefor a certain number of minutes or hours, or may be given the option tohave the change applied at a time of low database activity (for example,during the middle of the night).

In still other embodiments, the portion of the database is stored in theselected data format as write operations occur. In such embodiments, themigration to the selected format occurs gradually. Process 900 ends atstep 960.

Example Hybrid Encoding

According to one embodiment, the translation subsystem (e.g., 100)comprises a translation matrix (e.g., 112) that includes encoding for ahybrid binary/decimal where the most significant part of the encoding isbinary but with a decimal continuation for decimal numbers that cannotbe exactly represented in binary. For example, use of a 2-bit decimalcontinuation indicator enabled the value to be encoded while omittingthe decimal continuation for binary numbers, for decimal numbers with atmost 15 significant digits, while preserving correct interleaving withmore precise values.

Various implementations of the translation matrix include optimizedencoding for common decimal numbers (e.g., with at most 15 decimaldigits) avoiding overhead in the value encoding compared to binarynumbers. Example process flow 1300 shown in FIG. 13, provides examplelogic for value encoding, according to various embodiments.

One of the properties of the translated or KeyString encoding is thatthere is only a single encoding for a given mathematical number: onlythe type bits are used for determining the type (e.g., 32-bit integer,64-bit integer, 64-bit double precision binary floating point or 128-bitdecimal).

The encoding for integers does not materially change across variousembodiments (e.g., hybrid translation enabled or not enabled) and theencoding for double precision numbers enables room in the decimalcontinuation marker (“DCM”). According to one embodiment, decimal valuesthat are in fact integers, or mathematically equal to binary floatingpoint numbers (0, 1.00, 1234.25, 0.125, 12345678901234.5), are encodedthe same way as integers, or binary floating point numbers respectively,except that they have 8 type bits. All other decimal numbers in therange 2{circumflex over ( )}-255≤x<2{circumflex over ( )}55, or about1.7*10{circumflex over ( )}-77 to 3.6*10{circumflex over ( )}16, thathave at most 15 decimal digits excluding leading and trailing zeros,will be encoded as a double precision number with the decimalcontinuation marker set to 2.

Thus, the decimal 42.00 is encoded as 2B54 with type bits 07. So, if theBSON index key is {“ ”: NumberDecimal (“42.00”)}, the final encodingincluding terminator byte 04 is 2B540407. Shown in FIG. 14 is a tablewith example numbers and encodings including the encoding of decimal128number “42.00” (1402) and encoded value (1404). The Bytes/Key column(1406) indicates the usage in bytes per key: which reflects the actualrequired space per key, if the index entry has more than a single key(compound key). The Total Bytes column (1408) is the total size of theindex entry if the given value appears on its own, and includes anyrequired terminator/length bytes. A single space (“ ”) (shown in valuesof column 1410) indicates the separation between the key part that issignificant for comparisons, and the type bits that are required forreconstructing the exact type (e.g., int/binary float/decimal) andpreferred exponent (trailing zeros). The type bits column reflects thenumber of bits used to encode the data type. According to variousembodiments, typeBits (1412) encoding includes options for preservingtrailing zeros (example of the encoding—if available). As a result, inMongoDB, all numeric types, including decimal128, can be mixed in thesame index while providing ordering by true numeric value. In addition,typical size and speed overhead for indexing and querying Decimal128values is comparable to that for other numeric types.

Returning to FIG. 13, process 1300 begins with a value type ofdecimal128—a decimal floating-point computer numbering format thatoccupies 16 bytes (128 bits) in computer memory. Decimal128 supports 34decimal digits of significand and an exponent range of

−6143 to +6144, i.e. ±0.000000000000000000000000000000000x10{circumflexover ( )}−6143 to ±9.999999999999999999999999999999999x10{circumflexover ( )}−6144. (Equivalently,±0000000000000000000000000000000000x10{circumflex over ( )}−6176 to±9999999999999999999999999999999999x10{circumflex over ( )}6111.)

Therefore, decimal128 has the greatest range of values compared withother IEEE basic floating point formats. As the significand is notnormalized, most values with less than 34 significant digits havemultiple possible representations; 1x102=0.1x103=0.01x104, etc. Zero has12288 possible representations (24576 if you include both signed zeros).

At 1302 the decimal value (“dec”) is determined to be >0 and thecoefficient encoded in the representation is identified as the 113-bitinteger coefficient. AT 1304, the decimal is converted to a doubleprecision value binary, rounding toward zero. At 1306, the result istested to determine if the output is an inexact version (1306 YES). Ifinexact, the output is classified according to the value of the decimal:determine if decimal <2{circumflex over ( )}−1074 at 1308. If not, 1308NO, then output full 16 bytes of decimal+0E-6176 as decimal128 value inBID encoding (Binary Integer Decimal encoding) at 1310. If 1308 YES(<2{circumflex over ( )}1074) classification includes determining at1312 if dec is less than or equal to 2{circumflex over( )}1024−2{circumflex over ( )}971. If not 1312 NO, then output full 16bytes of 0E-6176—dec as decimal128 value in BID encoding at 1314. IF1312 YES, then determine if dec is greater than or equal to 2{circumflexover ( )}−255 and less than 2{circumflex over ( )}55 at 1316. If 1316YES, then determine if coefficient (i.e., the 113-bit integercoefficient) is less than or equal to 10{circumflex over ( )}15 at 1318.If 1318 YES, dec is rounded to a 15-digit value dec′ at 1320, which istested for equality at 1322 against dec. If equal 1332 YES, assign a twobit DCM set to zero. If not equal 1322 NO, evaluate dec as less thandec′ at 1324. If less than dec′ 1324 YES, the two bit DCM is 1. If notless than 1324 NO, the two bit DCM is 3. Each of 1306 NO, 1316 NO(single bit DCM), 1318 NO (2-bit DCM is 2, dec is equal to bin roundedup to 15-digit decimal), 1322 YES, 1324 YES, and 1324 NO, proceedsthrough 1330 (illustrated for clarity). At 1332, process 1300 continueswith output of bin encoding with DCM, followed by 64-bit decimalcontinuation. At 1334, the DCM is evaluated. If the DCM is 1 or 3 1334YES, then output an 8-byte decimal continuation 1336. If not, 1334 NO,then output 8 type bites indicating the number type (decimal) andtrailing exponent bite (encoded for trailing zeroes) at 1334. At

The various processes described herein can be configured to be executedon the systems shown by way of example in FIGS. 1-6. The systems and/orsystem components shown can be programmed to execute the processesand/or functions described. Additionally process 900 can be used inconjunction with process 700, or may call process 700 responsive toretrieving data for translation. In some embodiments, any databaseanalytic information, for example, identified during execution ofprocess 800 and 900 can be retained and used by the system to makedeterminations on whether efficiency can be improved responsive totranslating a first data format into a canonical byte stream format.

In various embodiments, other computer systems can be configured toperform the operations and/or functions described herein. For example,various embodiments according to the present invention may beimplemented on one or more computer systems. These computer systems maybe, specially configured computers, such as those based on Intel Atom,Core, or PENTIUM-type processor, IBM PowerPC, AMD Athlon or Opteron, SunUltraSPARC, or any other type of processor. Additionally, any system maybe located on a single special purpose computer or may be distributedamong a plurality of computers attached by a communications network.

A computer system can be specially configured as disclosed herein.According to one embodiment of the invention the special-purposecomputer system is configured to perform any of the described operationsand/or algorithms. The operations and/or algorithms described herein canalso be encoded as software executing on hardware that defines aprocessing component, that can define portions of a special purposecomputer, reside on an individual special-purpose computer, and/orreside on multiple special-purpose computers.

FIG. 10 shows a block diagram of an example special-purpose computersystem 1000 on which various aspects of the present invention can bepracticed. For example, computer system 1000 may include a processor1006 connected to one or more memory devices 1010, such as a disk drive,memory, or other device for storing data. Memory 1010 is typically usedfor storing programs and data during operation of the computer system1000. Components of computer system 1000 can be coupled by aninterconnection mechanism 1008, which may include one or more busses(e.g., between components that are integrated within a same machine)and/or a network (e.g., between components that reside on separatediscrete machines). The interconnection mechanism enables communications(e.g., data, instructions) to be exchanged between system components ofsystem 1000.

Computer system 1000 may also include one or more input/output (I/O)devices 1002-1004, for example, a keyboard, mouse, trackball,microphone, touch screen, a printing device, display screen, speaker,etc. Storage 1012, typically includes a computer readable and writeablenonvolatile recording medium in which computer executable instructionsare stored that define a program to be executed by the processor orinformation stored on or in the medium to be processed by the program.

The medium can, for example, be a disk 1102 or flash memory as shown inFIG. 11. Typically, in operation, the processor causes data to be readfrom the nonvolatile recording medium into another memory 1104 thatallows for faster access to the information by the processor than doesthe medium. This memory is typically a volatile, random access memorysuch as a dynamic random access memory (DRAM) or static memory (SRAM).According to one embodiment, the computer-readable medium comprises anon-transient storage medium on which computer executable instructionsare retained.

Referring again to FIG. 10, the memory can be located in storage 1012 asshown, or in memory system 1010. The processor 1006 generallymanipulates the data within the memory 1010, and then copies the data tothe medium associated with storage 1012 after processing is completed. Avariety of mechanisms are known for managing data movement between themedium and integrated circuit memory element and the invention is notlimited thereto. The invention is not limited to a particular memorysystem or storage system.

The computer system may include specially-programmed, special-purposehardware, for example, an application-specific integrated circuit(ASIC). Aspects of the invention can be implemented in software,hardware or firmware, or any combination thereof. Although computersystem 1000 is shown by way of example, as one type of computer systemupon which various aspects of the invention can be practiced, it shouldbe appreciated that aspects of the invention are not limited to beingimplemented on the computer system as shown in FIG. 10. Various aspectsof the invention can be practiced on one or more computers having adifferent architectures or components than that shown in FIG. 10.

It should be appreciated that the invention is not limited to executingon any particular system or group of systems. Also, it should beappreciated that the invention is not limited to any particulardistributed architecture, network, or communication protocol.

Various embodiments of the invention can be programmed using anobject-oriented programming language, such as Java, C++, Ada, or C#(C-Sharp). Other object-oriented programming languages may also be used.Alternatively, functional, scripting, and/or logical programminglanguages can be used. Various aspects of the invention can beimplemented in a non-programmed environment (e.g., documents created inHTML, XML or other format that, when viewed in a window of a browserprogram, render aspects of a graphical-user interface (GUI) or performother functions). The system libraries of the programming languages areincorporated herein by reference. Various aspects of the invention canbe implemented as programmed or non-programmed elements, or anycombination thereof.

Various aspects of this invention can be implemented by one or moresystems similar to system 1200 shown in FIG. 12. For instance, thesystem can be a distributed system (e.g., client server, multi-tiersystem) comprising multiple special-purpose computer systems. In oneexample, the system includes software processes executing on a systemassociated with hosting database services, processing operationsreceived from client computer systems, interfacing with APIs, receivingand processing client database requests, routing database requests,routing targeted database request, routing global database requests,determining global a request is necessary, determining a targetedrequest is possible, verifying database operations, managing datadistribution, replicating database data, migrating database data,identifying index data, translating index data, referencing atranslation matrix, encoding data according to canonical types andvalues, etc. These systems can also permit client systems to requestdatabase operations transparently, with various routing processeshandling and processing requests for data as a single interface, therouting processes can manage data retrieval from database partitions,compare data requests to index byte streams, merge responses, and returnresults as appropriate to the client, among other operations.

There can be other computer systems that perform functions such ashosting replicas of database data, each server hosting databasepartitions can be implemented as a replica set, among other functions.These systems can be distributed among a communication system such asthe Internet. One such distributed network, as discussed below withrespect to FIG. 12, can be used to implement various aspects of theinvention. Various replication protocols can be implemented, and in someembodiments, different replication protocols can be implemented, withthe data stored in the database replication under one model, e.g.,asynchronous replication of a replica set, with metadata serverscontrolling updating and replication of database metadata under astricter consistency model, e.g., requiring dual phase commit operationsfor updates.

FIG. 12 shows an architecture diagram of an example distributed system1200 suitable for implementing various aspects of the invention. Itshould be appreciated that FIG. 12 is used for illustration purposesonly, and that other architectures can be used to facilitate one or moreaspects of the invention.

System 1200 may include one or more specially configured special-purposecomputer systems 1204, 1206, and 1208 distributed among a network 1202such as, for example, the Internet. Such systems may cooperate toperform functions related to hosting a partitioned database, managingdatabase metadata, monitoring distribution of database partitions,monitoring size of partitions, splitting partitions as necessary,migrating partitions as necessary, identifying sequentially keyedcollections, optimizing migration, splitting, analyzing databaseoperations, identifying index data, translating data formats, andrebalancing for collections with sequential keying architectures.

In some embodiments, a system and method is provided for a databasestorage API capable of selectively mapping to different pluggablestorage engines and storage formats, that can include or invoketranslation engines or alternatively accessed translated copies of data.In one embodiment, the database storage API is employed in anon-relational database system, in which documents or other structuresnot limited by a schema are stored. In one example, the selection of aparticular storage engine and/or data format may be made by a user via auser interface. The user may be presented with one or morerecommendations of optimal storage engines for a particular datastructure, collection, or database according to one or more factors. Inanother example, the database engine may select a particular storageengine and/or data format, translation or no translation, or the storageengine itself or other system components may select a particular dataformat based on one or more factors. For example, a storage engineand/or data format may be selected for its expected optimal performanceas compared to other storage engine options.

The factors used to recommend or select an optimal storage engine ordata format may relate to the type and breakdown of historicaloperations performed on the database (e.g., volume of write requests,volume or read requests, timing of writes and/or read, sparsity of data,index references, etc.), and/or the characteristics of a set ofoperations predicted to be performed on the database. Such predictionscan be made based on the layout of the data, the nature of the data, thedata type (e.g., primary database data or database index data),historical operations for a given time period, database compressioncharacteristics, or other aspects of the data and the operations to beperformed on it. In some embodiments, a change in storage engines for aportion of the database is assessed to determine if the databaseperformance with respect to that portion is more optimal before or afterthe change, so that appropriate measures may be recommended or taken.

In some embodiments, the storage API uses the tracked data (e.g.,analytics data) collected by a database monitor and/or analytics data toselect an optimal storage engine and/or data format for a database, acollection, or a document having the observed read/write ratio. In oneexample, the storage API is mapped to the selected storage engine basedon the tracked data. The first storage engine and the second storageengine are executable software modules configured to store database datain the data node 110 in one or more data format. For example, the firststorage engine may be configured to store data in a row-store format,and the second storage engine may be configured to store data in aLSM-tree format. In one example, the first storage engine and/or thesecond storage engine are configured store primary database data (i.e.,the data being stored and queried) in a particular data format in theprimary data storage, and may store database index data in a particulardata format in index data storage. In one embodiment, the first storageengine and/or the second storage engine are configured store an oplog ina particular data format.

In some embodiments, analytics data about the performance of the storageengines may be stored by the first storage engine and/or the secondstorage engine, and may not be stored separately as analytics data. Forexample, the database API may pass a “write” function call to thestorage API instructing the storage API to write a particular set ofdata to stable storage. The storage API then determines, according toits own analysis and/or user input, which storage engine should performthe write operation in which data format. Different storage engines maybe appropriate for different types of data stored in differentcollections that may undergo a variety of different operations.

Having thus described several aspects and embodiments of this invention,it is to be appreciated that various alterations, modifications andimprovements will readily occur to those skilled in the art. Suchalterations, modifications, and improvements are intended to be part ofthis disclosure, and are intended to be within the spirit and scope ofthe invention. Accordingly, the foregoing description is by way ofexample only.

Use of ordinal terms such as “first,” “second,” “third,” “a,” “b,” “c,”etc., in the claims to modify or otherwise identify a claim element doesnot by itself connote any priority, precedence, or order of one claimelement over another or the temporal order in which acts of a method areperformed, but are used merely as labels to distinguish one claimelement having a certain name from another element having a same name(but for use of the ordinal term) to distinguish the claim elements.

What is claimed is:
 1. A database system comprising: at least oneprocessor; and at least one non-transient storage medium containinginstructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, causethe at least one processor to: translate input data in a first formatinto a canonical format, wherein translation includes operations to: mapa plurality of individual data elements of the input data to a pluralityof respective canonical data types associated with determined data typesof the individual data elements; encode the plurality of individual dataelements into a byte stream comprising at least: a canonical type bytebased on the mapping for each individual data element; and at least onedata value for data of each individual data element where present; andwherein the encoding includes generation of a hybrid encoding forfloating point numbers, wherein the hybrid encoding further comprises adecimal continuation marker for encoding decimal numbers; and executedata comparison operations against the byte stream in response to atleast some requests for database operations received from at least somedatabase clients.
 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the hybrid encodingis configured to enable bit-exact reconstruction decimal value.
 3. Thesystem of claim 1, wherein the translation component is configured togenerate a first hybrid encoding for decimal numbers meeting a thresholdnumber of significant digits.
 4. The system of claim 3, wherein thetranslation component is configured to generate a high precisionencoding for decimal numbers exceeding the threshold number ofsignificant digits.
 5. The system of claim 4, wherein the translationcomponent is further configured to limit the decimal continuation to athreshold number of bytes for numbers with more than the thresholdnumber of significant digits.
 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the atleast one non-transient storage medium contains further instructionsthat, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the at leastone processor to compare encoded values to identify differences innumbers of trailing zeros.
 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the atleast one non-transient storage medium contains further instructionsthat, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the at leastone processor to control use of the hybrid encoding based on a statevalue.
 8. The system of claim 7, wherein the at least one non-transientstorage medium contains further instructions that, when executed by theat least one processor, cause the at least one processor to monitor userrequests and return an error on requests associated with the hybridencoding based on evaluating the state value.
 9. A computer implementedmethod for managing a distributed database, the method comprising:translating, by at least one processor, input data in a first formatinto a canonical format, translation comprising: analyzing, by the atleast one processor, a plurality of individual data elements in thefirst format to determine data types associated with respectiveindividual data elements; mapping, by the at least one processor, theplurality of individual data elements of the input data to a pluralityof respective canonical data types associated with the determined datatypes of the individual data elements; encoding, by the at least oneprocessor, the plurality of individual data elements into a byte streamcomprising at least: a canonical type byte based on the mapping for eachindividual data element, and at least one data value for data of eachindividual data element where present; and wherein the encoding includesgeneration of a hybrid encoding for floating point numbers, wherein thehybrid encoding further comprises a decimal continuation marker forencoding decimal numbers; and executing data comparison operationsagainst the byte stream in response to at least some requests fordatabase operations received from at least some database clients. 10.The method of claim 9, wherein generation of the hybrid encodingincludes generating bit-exact encoding of a decimal value.
 11. Themethod of claim 10, wherein generation of the hybrid encoding includesgenerating a first hybrid encoding for decimal numbers meeting athreshold number of significant digits.
 12. The method of claim 11,wherein generation of the hybrid encoding includes generating a highprecision encoding for decimal numbers exceeding the threshold number ofsignificant digits.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein generation ofincludes limiting the decimal continuation to a threshold number ofbytes for numbers with more than the threshold number of significantdigits.
 14. The method of claim 9, wherein executing the data comparisonoperations includes identifying differences in numbers of trailingzeros.
 15. The method of claim 9, further comprising controlling, by theat least one processor, use of the hybrid encoding based on a statevalue.
 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising monitoring userrequests and permitting execution or returning an error for requestsassociated with the hybrid encoding based on evaluating the state value.